{"search_session":{},"preferences":{"l":"en","queryLanguage":"en"},"patentId":"051-086-805-013-475","frontPageModel":{"patentViewModel":{"ref":{"entityRefId":"051-086-805-013-475","entityRefType":"PATENT"},"entityMetadata":{"linkedIds":{"empty":true},"tags":[],"collections":[{"id":6802,"type":"PATENT","title":"Univ Queensland Patent Portfolio","description":"","access":"OPEN_ACCESS","displayAvatar":true,"attested":false,"itemCount":8841,"tags":[],"user":{"id":91044780,"username":"Cambialens","firstName":"","lastName":"","created":"2015-05-04T00:55:26.000Z","displayName":"Cambialens","preferences":"{\"usage\":\"public\",\"beta\":false}","accountType":"PERSONAL","isOauthOnly":false},"notes":[{"id":8194,"type":"COLLECTION","user":{"id":91044780,"username":"Cambialens","firstName":"","lastName":"","created":"2015-05-04T00:55:26.000Z","displayName":"Cambialens","preferences":"{\"usage\":\"public\",\"beta\":false}","accountType":"PERSONAL","isOauthOnly":false},"text":"
Copied from Raj's collection ' Univ Queensland'
.......................
Annie's search
Search applicants = 'Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT Technology', 'Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE', ' Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE AND NOT TECHNOLOGY'.
notes: When search ' Univ* AND Queens* AND NOT Technology' only, the results came out with many patents that belong to Queensland State Government and Other universities. Hence, re set the search terms as' ' Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE AND NOT TECHNOLOGY'.
Search Owners(US) = ' Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE AND NOT TECHNOLOGY'
Add to collection
Select more for logical variants
Select all the patents in the collection and expand by simple families
Add to collection
Total patents = 8993
Search Applicants and Owners separately: \"Univ* Queensland\"
Select more for logical variants. Add to collection. Select all patents in the collection and expand by simple families. Add to collection. Total patents: 4376
\n","access":"OPEN_ACCESS","displayAvatar":true,"attested":false,"itemCount":3943,"tags":[],"user":{"id":91044780,"username":"Cambialens","firstName":"","lastName":"","created":"2015-05-04T00:55:26.000Z","displayName":"Cambialens","preferences":"{\"usage\":\"public\",\"beta\":false}","accountType":"PERSONAL","isOauthOnly":false},"notes":[],"sharedType":"PUBLISHED","hasLinkedSavedQueries":false,"savedQueries":[],"created":"2016-06-13T09:23:24Z","updated":"2017-08-08T02:15:44Z","lastEventDate":"2017-08-08T02:15:44Z"},{"id":22750,"type":"PATENT","title":"Citing Rutgers Univ publications","description":"Patent documents citing scholarly work of Rutgers Univ","access":"OPEN_ACCESS","displayAvatar":true,"attested":false,"itemCount":35383,"tags":[],"user":{"id":233682368,"username":"tech","firstName":"The Lens","lastName":"Team","created":"2017-08-06T20:11:49.000Z","displayName":"The Lens 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time","description":"","access":"OPEN_ACCESS","displayAvatar":true,"attested":false,"itemCount":50000,"tags":[],"user":{"id":501671399,"username":"divali","firstName":"","lastName":"","created":"2023-04-06T02:19:26.000Z","displayName":"divali","accountType":"PERSONAL","isOauthOnly":false},"notes":[],"sharedType":"PUBLISHED","hasLinkedSavedQueries":false,"savedQueries":[],"created":"2023-05-03T00:09:49Z","updated":"2023-05-03T00:09:54Z","lastEventDate":"2023-05-03T00:09:54Z"}],"notes":[],"inventorships":[],"privateCollections":[],"publicCollections":[{"id":6802,"type":"PATENT","title":"Univ Queensland Patent Portfolio","description":"","access":"OPEN_ACCESS","displayAvatar":true,"attested":false,"itemCount":8841,"tags":[],"user":{"id":91044780,"username":"Cambialens","firstName":"","lastName":"","created":"2015-05-04T00:55:26.000Z","displayName":"Cambialens","preferences":"{\"usage\":\"public\",\"beta\":false}","accountType":"PERSONAL","isOauthOnly":false},"notes":[{"id":8194,"type":"COLLECTION","user":{"id":91044780,"username":"Cambialens","firstName":"","lastName":"","created":"2015-05-04T00:55:26.000Z","displayName":"Cambialens","preferences":"{\"usage\":\"public\",\"beta\":false}","accountType":"PERSONAL","isOauthOnly":false},"text":"Copied from Raj's collection ' Univ Queensland'
.......................
Annie's search
Search applicants = 'Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT Technology', 'Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE', ' Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE AND NOT TECHNOLOGY'.
notes: When search ' Univ* AND Queens* AND NOT Technology' only, the results came out with many patents that belong to Queensland State Government and Other universities. Hence, re set the search terms as' ' Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE AND NOT TECHNOLOGY'.
Search Owners(US) = ' Univ* AND Queensl* AND NOT STATE AND NOT TECHNOLOGY'
Add to collection
Select more for logical variants
Select all the patents in the collection and expand by simple families
Add to collection
Total patents = 8993
Search Applicants and Owners separately: \"Univ* Queensland\"
Select more for logical variants. Add to collection. Select all patents in the collection and expand by simple families. Add to collection. Total patents: 4376
\n","access":"OPEN_ACCESS","displayAvatar":true,"attested":false,"itemCount":3943,"tags":[],"user":{"id":91044780,"username":"Cambialens","firstName":"","lastName":"","created":"2015-05-04T00:55:26.000Z","displayName":"Cambialens","preferences":"{\"usage\":\"public\",\"beta\":false}","accountType":"PERSONAL","isOauthOnly":false},"notes":[],"sharedType":"PUBLISHED","hasLinkedSavedQueries":false,"savedQueries":[],"created":"2016-06-13T09:23:24Z","updated":"2017-08-08T02:15:44Z","lastEventDate":"2017-08-08T02:15:44Z"},{"id":22750,"type":"PATENT","title":"Citing Rutgers Univ publications","description":"Patent documents citing scholarly work of Rutgers Univ","access":"OPEN_ACCESS","displayAvatar":true,"attested":false,"itemCount":35383,"tags":[],"user":{"id":233682368,"username":"tech","firstName":"The Lens","lastName":"Team","created":"2017-08-06T20:11:49.000Z","displayName":"The Lens 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More particularly the invention discloses alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides and their use as alpha helical scaffolds or macrocyclic alpha helical modules, either alone, or within longer chain peptides or attached to other macrocyclic peptides or attached to non-peptidic structures, for the purpose of mimicking naturally occurring peptides or proteins, and as agonists or antagonists of the biological activity of naturally-occurring peptides or proteins or for the preparation of new materials.","lang":"en","source":"WIPO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"}],"fr":[{"text":"La présente invention a trait à des peptides à chaînes courtes qui ont été contraints d'adopter une conformation alpha-hélicoïdale et leur utilisation sous formes d'échafaudages alpha-hélicoïdaux pour l'orientation de chaînes latérales d'acides aminés dans des positions analogues à celles présentes dans des peptides alpha-hélicoïdaux à chaînes longues et pour la fixation d'appendices peptidiques et non peptidiques en vue d'imiter des chaînes latérales de peptides alpha-hélicoïdaux plus longs. Plus particulièrement l'invention a trait à des pentapeptides cycliques alpha-hélicoïdaux et leur utilisation en tant qu'échafaudages alpha-hélicoïdaux ou modules alpha-hélicoïdaux macrocycliques, soit seuls, ou au sein de peptides à chaînes plus longues ou fixés à d'autres peptides macrocycliques ou fixés à des structure non peptidiques, en vue d'imiter des peptides ou des protéines d'origines naturelle, et en tant qu'agonistes ou antagonistes de l'activité biologique de peptides ou de protéines d'origine naturelle ou pour la préparation de nouvelles matières.","lang":"fr","source":"WIPO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"}]},"abstract_lang":["en","fr"],"has_abstract":true,"claim":{"en":[{"text":"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound comprising at least one alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide consists essentially of a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, with the proviso that when the compound comprises a single cyclic peptide it is selected from a compound that consists essentially of the single peptide or a compound that comprises the single peptide and a non- peptide moiety or a compound that comprises the single peptide and a combination of a peptide moiety and a non-peptide moiety or a compound that comprises the single peptide and at least one other peptide that comprises at least one amino acid whose side chain has been derivatized and that when the compound comprises two or more cyclic peptides, at least two of these are located immediately adjacent to each other. 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein an individual cyclic peptide is linked directly or indirectly to a non-peptide moiety. 3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein the non-peptide moiety is selected from: an aldehyde; a toxin; a drag; a polysaccharide; a nucleotide; an oligonucleotide; a label; an imaging reagent; a hydrocarbon linker that is conjugated to a moiety that provides for attachment to a solid substratum or that provides for ease of separation or purification. 4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the or each cyclic peptide is a macrocycle formed by consecutively linking at least 18 to 22 atoms, wherein the first and last atoms are bonded to one another to form a ring. 5. A compound according to claim 4, wherein the macrocycle is formed from 19 to 21 atoms 6. A compound according to claim 4, wherein the macrocycle is formed from 20 atoms. 7. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the first and second terminal residues are selected from alpha amino acid residues. 8. A compound according to claim 7, wherein one of the first and second terminal residues is Lys and the other is Asp. 9. A compound according to claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the resulting macrocycle ring size is 18-22 atoms. 10. A compound according to claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the resulting macrocycle ring size is 20 atoms. 11. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked by a covalent bond either directly or through a linker. 12. A compound according to claim 11, wherein the side chains are covalently linked to one another without an intervening linker. 13. A compound according to claim 11, wherein the side chains are covalently linked to one another by a lactam bridge between a side chain amino group and a side chain carboxylic acid group. 14. A compound according to claim 11, wherein the side chains are covalently linked to one another by a disulfide bond between two side chain thiol groups. 15. A compound according to claim 11, wherein an amine in the side chain of one amino acid residue is reacted with a carboxylic acid in the side chain of a second amino acid residue to form an amide bond or lactam bridge. 16. A compound according to claim 1, wherein one of the first and second terminal residues is selected from L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, D-aspartic acid, D-glutamic acid, L-α-mefhyl- aspartic acid, L-α-methylglutamic acid, D-α-methylaspartic acid and D-α-methyl-glutamic acid, and the other is selected from L-lysine, L-omithine, D-lysine, D-omithine, L-α-methyllysine, D-α- methyllysine, L-α-methylomithine and D-α-methylomithine. 17. A compound according to claim 16, wherein an amide bond is formed between the first and second terminal residues by reaction of an L-aspartic acid or L-glutamic acid with an L-lysine or L-omithine. 18. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid residues in the sequence of the peptide are selected from D- or L-α-amino acids. 19. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid residues in the sequence of the peptide are selected from L-α-amino acids. 20. A compound according to claim 1, which comprises two or three consecutive alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides. 21. A compound according to claim 1, which comprises two consecutive alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides spaced from a third alpha helical cyclic pentapeptide by about 1, 2, 5, 8 or 9 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. 22. A compound according to claim 1, which comprises three consecutive alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides spaced from a fourth alpha helical cyclic pentapeptide by about 0, 3, 4, 6 or 7 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. 23. A compound according to claim 1, which comprises three consecutive alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides spaced from a fourth alpha helical cyclic pentapeptide by about 1, 2, 5, 6 or 9 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. 24. A compound according to claim 1, which comprises four consecutive alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides spaced from a fifth alpha helical cyclic pentapeptide by about 1, 2 or 3 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. 25. A compound according to claim 1, which comprises five consecutive alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides spaced from a sixth alpha helical cyclic pentapeptide by about 2, 7, 12 or 17 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. 26. A compound according to claim 1 , which comprises at least one cyclic peptide and at least 1 amino acid residue adjacent thereto. 27. A compound according to claim 26, which comprises a single cyclic peptide and another amino acid residue located immediately upstream or downstream thereof. 28. A compound according to claim 1, which has a plurality of alpha helical cyclic pentapeptide sequences and is represented by formula (TV): ( IV ) wherein each Xaa is independently selected from any amino acid residue; R ! is selected from H, an N-terminal capping group, a peptide of 1 to 20 amino acid residues optionally capped by an N-terminal capping group, a non-peptidic group or a group that mimics an amino acid side chain; R 2 is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group, a peptide of 1 to 20 amino acids optionally capped by a C-terminal capping group, a group that mimics an amino acid side chain or a group that activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution; each R' and R\" are independently selected from H, Cι-C 10 alkyl, C 2 -Cι 0 alkenyl, C 2 - Cioalkynyl, C 3 -Cι 0 cylcoalkyl, C 5 -Cι 0 cycloalkenyl, -OH, -OCι-Cι 0 alkyl, -NH 2 , - NH(C Cioalkyl), -N(C C 10 allcyl) 2 , C 6 -Cι 0 aryl, C 3 -Cι 0 heterocyclyl, C 5 -C ]0 heteroaryl and halo; L is selected from -NH-C(O)-, -C(Q)-NH-, -S-S-, -CH(OH)CH 2 -, CH 2 CH(OH)-, - CH=CH-, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -NH-CH 2 - -CH 2 -NH-, -CH 2 -S-, -S-CH 2 -, -C(0)-CH 2 -, -CH 2 - C(O)-, -S(0) t -NH-, -NH-S(0)r, CH 2 -P(=0)(OH)- and -P(=0)(OH)-CH 2 -; m is an integer from 1 to 4, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and t is 0, 1 or 2, wherein m + n = 4, 5 or 6 and wherein when m is 2, n is not 3 and when m is 3, n is not 2; and p is an integer from 2 to 12; with the proviso that bicyclo (Lys 13 - Asp 17 , Lys 18 - Asp 22 ) [Ala 1 , Nlc 8 , Lys 18 , Asp 22 , Leu 27 ] hPTH (1-31) NH 2 is excluded. 29. A compound according to claim 1, which has a plurality of alpha helical cyclic pentapeptide sequences and is represented by formula (V): Rι-[l,5-cyclo(Zaa-XaaXaaXaa-Yaa)] q q--RΛ 2 (V) wherein each l,5-cyclo(Zaa-XaaXaaXaa-Yaa) is independently selected from: cyclo-l,5-KxaaXaaXaaD, [SEQ ID NO: 32] cyclo-l,5-DxaaXaaXaaK, [SEQ JD NO: 33] cyclo-l,5-KxaaXaaXaaE, [SEQ ID NO: 34] cyclo-l,5-ExaaXaaXaaK, [SEQ ID NO: 35] cyclo-l,5-OxaaXaaXaaD, [SEQ ID NO: 36 ]and cyclo-l,5-DxaaXaaXaaO, [SEQ ID NO: 37] q is an integer from 2 to 12 and Rj and R 2 are as defined above. 30. A compound according to claim 29, wherein individual pentapeptide sequences are different. 31. A compound according to claim 29, wherein individual pentapeptide sequences in the peptide are the same. 32. A compound according to claim 29, selected from: cyclo(l-5, 6-10)-Ac-[KARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 46]; and cyclo(l-5, 6-10, 11-15)-Ac-[KARADKARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ED NO: 47]. 33. A compound having the formula (I) : ( I ) wherein each Xaa is independently selected from any amino acid residue; Ri is selected from H, an N-terminal capping group, a non-peptidic group or a group that mimics an amino acid side chain; R 2 is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group, a group that mimics an amino acid side chain or a group that activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution; each R' and R\" are independently selected from H, Cι-Cι 0 alkyl, C 2 -Cι 0 alkenyl, C 2 - Cioalkynyl, C 3 -C 10 cylcoalkyl, C 5 -C 10 cycloalkenyl, -OH, -OC C 10 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C C 10 alkyl), -N(C Cι 0 alkyl) 2 , C 6 -C ]2 aryl, C 3 -C 10 heterocyclyl, C 5 -Cι 0 heteroaryl and halo; L is selected from -NH-C(O)-, -C(0)-NH-, -S-S-, -CH(OH)CH 2 -, CH 2 CH(OH)-, -CH=CH-, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -NH-CH 2 - -CH 2 -NH-, -CH 2 -S-, -S-CH 2 -, -C(0)-CH 2 -, -CH 2 -C(0)-, -S(0) t - NH-, -NH-S(0)r, CH 2 -P(=0)(OH)- and -P(=0)(OH)-CH 2 -; m is an integer from 1 to 4, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and t is 0, 1 or 2, wherein m + n = 4, 5 or 6 and wherein when m is 2, n is not 3 and when m is 3, n is not 2. 34. A compound according to claim 33, wherein Ri is selected from H; an N-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix; a non-peptidic group; or a mimic of an amino acid side chain. 35. A compound according to claim 34, wherein the N-terminal capping group is selected from acyl and N-succinate. 36. A compound according to claim 34, wherein the mimic of the amino acid side chain is selected from any natural or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the N-terminal amino group of the peptide through a carbonyl group derived from a carboxylic acid by formation of an amide bond. 37. A compound according to claim 34, wherein the mimic of the amino acid side chain is selected from: CH 3 CH 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, NH 2 (NH=)CNHC(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, H 2 NC(0)(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HOC(0)(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HS(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, H 2 NC(0)(CH 2 ) 3 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HOC(0)(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, (4- imidazolyl)(CH 2 )C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) s C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, CH 3 S(CH 2 ) 3 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 4 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HO(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HOCH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, (3-indolyl)(CH 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) u C(0)-, (4- hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, (4-hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 3 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, C 6 H 10 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, C 5 H 8 CH 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, CH 3 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HOC(0)CH 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HS(CH 2 )C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) 4 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)- and HOCH 2 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(0)- wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10. 38. A compound according to claim 34, wherein the non-peptidic groups enhance the stability, bioavailability or activity of the peptides. 39. A compound according to claim 34, wherein the non-peptidic groups is selected from: hydrophobic groups; groups which stabilize or mimic alpha-helices, groups which mimic the secondary structure of peptides; groups which improve bioavailability; and groups which are recognized by transport receptors to allow or improve transport of the peptides to the site of activity. 40. A compound according to claim 33, wherein R 2 is selected from: H; a C-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix; a peptide of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid residues optionally capped with a C-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix; a mimic of an amino acid side chain; or a group which activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution. 41. A compound according to claim 40, wherein the C-terminal capping group is NH 2 . 42. A compound according to claim 40, wherein the mimic of the amino acid side chain is any common or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the C-terminal carbonyl group of the peptide through an amine group by formation of an amide bond. 43. A compound according to claim 40, wherein the mimics of the amino acid side chain is selected from: -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 NHC(=NH)NH 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(0)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 C0 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 SH, - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 C(0)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 C0 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4-imidazolyl), - NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 3 ) 3 SCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (3-indolyl), -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4-hydroxyphenyl), -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 (4-hydroxyphenyl), -NH(CH 2 ) U NH-CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 C 6 H 10 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 C 5 H 8 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 C0 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 SH, -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 OH, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 and -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 OH; wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10. 44. A compound according to claim 40, wherein the group, which activates the C-terminal carboxylic carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution, converts the C-terminal carboxylic acid to a group selected from an acid chloride, an acid anhydride, an acyl azide, an O-acylisourea, a phosphonium derivative or an activated ester. 45. A compound according to claim 40, wherein the non-peptidic group enhances the stability and circulating time, or decrease immunogenicity, or increase solubility, bioavailability or activity of the peptides. 46. A compound according to claim 34, wherein the non-peptidic group is selected from: hydrophobic groups; groups which stabilize or mimic alpha-helices; groups which mimic the secondary structure of peptides; groups which improve bioavailability; groups that are recognized by transport receptors to allow or improve transport of the peptide(s) to the site of activity. 47. A compound according to claim 33, wherein each R' is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , vinyl, OH, OCH 3 , NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , phenyl, F or Cl. 48. A compound according to claim 33, wherein each R\" is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 or vinyl. 49. A compound according to claim 33, wherein m is 1 and n is 3 or 4, m is 2 and n is 4, m is 3 and n is 1 or m is 4 and n is 1 or 2. 50. A compound according to claim 33, wherein each Xaa is any amino acid residue selected to mimic the amino acid residues in a known alpha helical peptide of interest or to prepare an unknown peptide having new properties. 51. A compound according to claim 33, wherein an individual Xaa is the same or different as another Xaa . 52. A compound according to claim 33, wherein an individual Xaa is selected from a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue. 53. A compound according to claim 33, wherein the compound of formula (I) has at least one Xaa which is a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue that is favorable to helix formation. 54. A compound according to claim 33, wherein 2 or 3 of Xaa are D- or L- alpha amino acid residues that are favorable to helix formation. 55. A compound according to claim 54, wherein the D- or L- alpha amino acid residues are selected from alanine, arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cysteine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and aspartic acid. 56. A compound according to claim 33, wherein L is -NH-C(O)- or -C(0)-NH-. 57. A compound according to claim 331, selected from: Ac-cyclo-1 ,5-[KXaaXaaXaaD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 1]; Ac-cyclo-l,5-[DXaaXaaXaaK]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 2]; Ac-cyclo-1,5- [KXaaXaaXaaE]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 3]; Ac-cyclo-l,5-[EXaaXaaXaaK]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 4]; Ac- cyclo-l,5-[OXaaXaaXaaD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 5]; Ac-cyclo-1, 5-[DXaaXaaXaaO]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 6]; and Ac-Xaa-cyclo-2,6-[KXaaXaaXaaD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 7]. 58. A compound according to claim 33, selected from: Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 8]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[DARAK]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 9]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAE]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 10]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[EARAK]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 11]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[OARAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 12]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[DARAO]-NH 2 , [SEQ JD NO. 13]; Ac-[KARAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 14]; AcR-cyclo-2,6-[KLLLD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 15]; AcR-cyclo-2,6-[KLALD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 16]; AcR-cyclo-2,6-[KLFAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 17]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[OARAE]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 18]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[EARAO]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 19]; Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAD]-OH, [SEQ ID NO. 20]; H-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 21]; H-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAD]-OH, [SEQ ID NO. 22]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAAAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 23]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KALAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 24]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAMAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 25]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAQAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 26]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAFAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 27]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAGAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 28]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KGSAD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 29]; Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KSSSD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 30]; and Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KGGGD]-NH 2 , [SEQ ID NO. 31] 59. A method for constructing a constrained helical peptide, the method comprising: (1) synthesizing a peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the individual side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linkable to each other; and (2) cyclizing the peptide by linking the side chain of the first terminal residue with the side chain of the second terminal residue, thereby yielding an alpha helical cyclic peptide. 60. A method according to claim 59, wherein the first terminal residue has a side chain containing an amide bond-forming substituent and the second terminal residue has a side chain containing a functional group capable of forming an amide linkage with the side chain amide bond- forming substituent of the first terminal residue and the peptide is cyclized by reacting the side chain amide bond-forming substituent of the first terminal residue with the functional group of the second terminal residue to form an amide bond linkage, thereby yielding an alpha helical cyclic peptide. 61. A method according to claim 59, wherein in step (1) the reactive groups on the side chains, including the amide forming substituents, are protected by a protecting group. 62. A method according to claim 61, wherein the reactive groups on the side chains, including the amide forming substituents, are deprotected prior to cyclization. 63. A method according to claim 59, wherein step (2) comprises activating the carboxylic acid to nucleophilic attack by forming an acyloxyphosphonium or uronium derivative of the carboxylic acid. 64. A method of producing a mimic of an alpha helical binding determinant, comprising: providing a protein of interest that comprises an alpha helical domain that interacts with a ligand; identifying a candidate binding determinant situated within a sequence of 3 or more contiguous amino acid residues in the helical binding domain; and selecting a first residue and a second residue in the sequence (designated i and i+4), which are separated by an intervening sequence of 3 amino acid residues, and which do not do not interact substantially with the ligand, for linkage to each other. 65. A method according to claim 64, wherein the binding determinant is identified using mutagenesis. 66. A method according to claim 64, further comprising synthesizing a peptide that comprises the first and second residues and the intervening sequence and linking the side chains of the first and second residues. 67. A method according to claim 64, further comprising detecting binding of the peptide to the ligand. 68. Use of an alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, as a scaffold for presenting the side chains of at least some of the five amino acid residues in a conformation that is analogous to the conformation of amino acid side chains of at least a portion of an alpha helical domain of a known protein. 69. A use according to claim 68, wherein the side chains of at least 1 or 2 or all 3 of the intervening amino acid residues are so analogously presented. 70. A use according to claim 68, wherein at least part of the conformationally constrained secondary structure defined by the five amino acid residues mimics a member of a ligand-receptor binding pair. 71. A use according to claim 70, wherein the ligand-receptor binding pair is selected from protein-DNA binding partners, protein-RNA binding partners; protein-protein binding partners and nuclear coactivators; and nuclear receptors. 72. Use of a conformationally constrained peptide having a plurality of alpha helical pentapeptide sequences, wherein the pentapeptide sequences each comprising a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, as a scaffold for presenting the side chains of at least some of the amino acid residues of the pentapeptide sequences in a configuration that is analogous to the configuration of amino acid side chains of at least a portion of an alpha helical domain of a known protein. 73. A use according to claim 72, wherein the side chains of at least 1 or 2 or all 3 of the intervening amino acid residues of each pentapeptide sequence are so analogously presented. 74. A use according to claim 72, wherein at least part of the conformationally constrained secondary structure defined by the pentapeptide sequences mimics a member of a ligand-receptor binding pair. 75. A use according to claim 72, wherein some or all of the pentapeptides are located adjacent to one another. 76. A use according to claim 72, wherein at least one of the pentapeptides is spaced from a pair of adjacent pentapeptides. 77. A use according to claim 72, wherein the conformationally constrained peptides are designed to mimic epitopes in proteins and are used to selectively raise polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies against such individual epitopes. 78. A use according to claim 77, wherein the peptides are conjugated to carriers known to be immunogenic in a species to be immunized. 79. Use of at least one alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, as a macrocyclic module for incorporation into a non-peptidic molecular structure, or for constracting a multi-macrocyclic structure that mimics multiple turns of an alpha helix. 80. A use according to claim 79, wherein the macrocyclic module has the formula (II): ( II ) wherein each Xaa is independently selected from any amino acid; each R' and R\" are independently selected from H, Cι-Cι 0 alkyl, C 2 -Cι 0 alkenyl, C 2 - Cioalkynyl, C 3 -Cι 0 cylcoalkyl, C 5 -Cι 0 cycloalkenyl, -OH, -OC Cι 0 alkyl, -NH 2 , - NH(Cι-C 10 alkyl), -N(Cι-C 10 alkyl) 2 , C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 3 -Cι 0 heterocyclyl, C 5 - Cioheteroaryl and halo; L is selected from -NH-C(O)-, -C(0)-NH-, -S-S-, -CH(OH)CH 2 -, CH 2 CH(OH)-, - CH=CH-, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -NH-CH 2 - -CH 2 -NH-, -CH 2 -S-, -S-CH 2 -, -C(0)-CH 2 -, -CH 2 - C(O)-, -S(0) t -NH-, -NH-S(0)r, CH 2 -P(=0)(OH)- and -P(=0)(OH)-CH 2 -; R 3 is selected from H, an N-capping group or a mimic of an amino acid side chain, ) is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group, a mimic of an amino acid side chain or a group which activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution; m is an integer from 1 to 4, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and t is 0, 1 or 2, wherein m + n = 4, 5 or 6 and wherein when m is 2, n is not 3 and when m is 3, n is not 2. 81. A use according to claim 79, wherein the macrocyclic module has the formula (ITJ): (in) 82. A composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 51 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or adjuvant. 83. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 58 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with a ligand-receptor interaction that is mediated at least in part by an alpha helical domain present in the ligand or the receptor. 84. A method for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with a ligand- receptor interaction that is mediated at least in part by an alpha helical domain present in the ligand or the receptor, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound comprising at least one alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein each peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other and wherein the side chains of at least some of the amino acid residues of the or each peptide are in a (three-dimensional) configuration that is analogous to the configuration of amino acid side chains of at least a portion of the alpha helical domain of the ligand or the receptor. 85. A method according to claim 84, wherein the disease or condition is related to an aberration in DNA transcription, RNA reverse transcription, transcriptional antitermination, apoptosis regulation, tumor suppression, calcium homeostasis, pain transmission, memory, lipid metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis or stress response or to anxiety, appetite, alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal or epilepsy. 86. A method according to claim 85, wherein the disease or condition is related to aberrant apoptosis regulation or tumor suppression. 87. A method according to claim 86, wherein the compound is selected from a BH3 domain mimetic or a p53 tumor suppressor mimetic. 88. A method according to claim 875, wherein the BH3 domain mimetic is selected from cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-Y[KRELD][KMADD]F [SEQ ID NO: 57], cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-V[KRQLD][KIADD]I [SEQ JD NO: 58], cyclo(2-6,7-l 1)-I[KAQED][KVADD]M [SEQ ID NO: 59], cyclo(2-6,7-l 1)- I[KAQED][KIADD]F [SEQ ID NO: 60], cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- propionyl[KRELD][KMADD]-phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 61], cyclo(2-6,7-l l)-iso- valeroyl[KRQLD]rκiADD]2-methylbutylamide [SEQ ID NO: 62], cyclo(2-6,7-l l)-3- methylpentanoyl-[KAQED][KVADD]-3-methylsulfanyl-propylamide [SEQ ID NO: 63], cyclo(2-6,7- ll)-3-methylpentanoyl-[KAQED][KIADD]-phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 64], Cyclo(3,7)- LR[KMADD]F [SEQ ID NO: 65], Cyclo(3,7)-LA[KIADD]I [SEQ ID NO: 66], Cyclo(3,7)- LA[KVADD]I [SEQ ID NO: 67], Cyclo(3,7)-LA[KIADD]F [SEQ ED NO: 68], Cyclo(2,6)-7-methyl octanoyl-[KMADD]-Phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 69], Cyclo(2,6)-7-methyl octanoyl-[KIADD]-2- methylbutylamide [SEQ ED NO: 70], Cyclo(2,6)-7-methyl octanoyl-[KVADD]- 2-methylbutylamide [SEQ ID NO: 71] and Cyclo(2,6)-7-methyl octanoyl-[KMADD]-Phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 72]. 89. A method according to claim 87, wherein the p53 tumor suppressor mimetic is selected from Cyclo(3,7)-FM[K(Pmp)(6ClW)ED]L [SEQ ID NO: 73], Cyclo(3,7)-3-Phenylpropanoyl- M[K(Pmp)(6ClW)ED]isopentylamide [SEQ ID NO: 74] and Cyclo(2,6)-6-Phenylheptanoyl- [K(Pmp)(6ClW)ED]isopentylamide [SEQ ID NO:75]. 90. A method according to claim 85, wherein the disease or disorder is related to pain transmission, anxiety, appetite, alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal, epilepsy or memory. 91. A method according to claim 90, wherein the compound is an agonist or antagonist of ORL-1 receptor. 92. A method according to claim 91, wherein the compound is selected from Cyclo(6-10,l 1- 15)-FGGFT[KARKD][KRKLD]-NH 2 (agonist) [SEQ ID NO: 76], Cyclo(6-10,ll-15 NpheGGFT[KARKD]rKRKLD]-NH 2 (antagonist) [SEQ ID NO: 77], Cyclo(2-6,7-l 1)-Ac- T[KARKD][KRKLD]-NH 2 (antagonist) [SEQ ED NO: 78] and Cyclo(2-6,7-l l)-(8-napthalen-l-yl- methyl-4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-friaza-spiro[4,5]dec-3-yl)-acetoyl-[KARKD]|l RKLD]-NH 2 (antagonist) [SEQ ID NO: 79]. 93. Use of a compound comprising at least one alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein each peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with a ligand-receptor interaction that is mediated at least in part by an alpha helical domain present in the ligand or the receptor, wherein the side chains of at least some of the amino acid residues of the or each peptide are in a three-dimensional configuration that is analogous to the configuration of amino acid side chains of at least a portion of the alpha helical domain of the ligand or the receptor. 94. Use according to claim 93, wherein the disease or condition is related to an aberration in DNA transcription, RNA reverse transcription, transcriptional antitermination, apoptosis regulation, tumor suppression, calcium homeostasis, pain transmission, memory, lipid metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis or stress response or to anxiety, appetite, alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal or epilepsy. 95. Use according to claim 94, wherein the disease or condition is related to apoptosis regulation or tumor suppression. 96. Use according to claim 95, wherein the compound is selected from a BH3 domain mimetic or a p53 tumor suppressor mimetic 97. Use according to claim 96, wherein the BH3 domain mimetic is selected from cyclo(2- 6,7-11)-Y[KRELD][KMADD]F [SEQ ID NO: 57], cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-V[KRQLP][KIADD]I [SEQ ID NO: 58], cyclo(2-6,7-l 1)-I[KAQED][KVADD]M [SEQ ID NO: 59], cyclo(2-6,7-l 1)- I[KAQED][KIADD]F [SEQ ID NO: 60], cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- propionyl[KRELD][KMADD]-phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 61], cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-iso- valeroyl[KRQLD][KIADD]2-methylbutylamide [SEQ ID NO: 62], cyclo(2-6,7-l l)-3- methylpentanoyl-[KAQED][KVADD]-3-methylsulfanyl-propylamide [SEQ ID NO: 63], cyclo(2-6,7- 1 l)-3-methylpentanoyl-[KAQED][KIADD]-phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 64], Cyclo(3,7)- LR[KMADD]F [SEQ ID NO: 65], Cyclo(3,7)-LA[KIADD]I [SEQ ED NO: 66], Cyclo(3,7)- LA[KVADD]I [SEQ ID NO: 67], Cyclo(3,7)-LA[KIADD]F [SEQ ID NO: 68], Cyclo(2,6)-7-methyl octanoyl-[KMADD]-Phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 69], Cyclo(2,6)-7-methyl octanoyl-[KIADD]-2- methylbutylamide [SEQ ID NO: 70], Cyclo(2,6)-7-methyl octanoyl-[KVADD]- 2-methylbutylamide [SEQ ID NO: 71] and Cyclo(2,6)-7 -methyl octanoyl-[KMADD]-Phenethylamide [SEQ ID NO: 72]. 98. Use according to claim 96, wherein the p53 tumor suppressor mimetic is selected from Cyclo(3,7)-FM[K(Pmp)(6ClW)ED]L [SEQ ED NO: 73], Cyclo(3,7)-3-Phenylpropanoyl- M[K(Pmp)(6ClW)ED]isopentylamide [SEQ ID NO: 74] and Cyclo(2,6)-6-Phenylheptanoyl- [K(Pmp)(6ClW)ED]isopentylamide [SEQ ID NO:75]. 99. Use according to claim 94, wherein the disease or disorder is related to pain transmission, anxiety, appetite, alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal, epilepsy or memory. 100. Use according to claim 99, wherein the compound is an agonist or antagonist of ORL-1 receptor. 101. Use according to claim 100, wherein the compound is selected from Cyclo(6-10,l 1-15)- FGGFT[KARKD][KRKLD]-NH 2 (agonist) [SEQ ID NO: 76], Cyclo(6-10,l 1-15)- NρheGGFT[KARKD][KRKLD]-NH 2 (antagonist) [SEQ ED NO: 77], Cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-Ac- T[KARKD][KRKLD]-NH 2 (antagonist) [SEQ ED NO: 78] and Cyclo(2-6,7-ll)-(8-napthalen-l-yl- methyl-4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-friaza-spiro[4,5]dec-3-yl)-acetoyl-[KARKD]p RKLD]-NH 2 (antagonist) [SEQ ED NO: 79].","lang":"en","source":"WIPO_FULLTEXT","data_format":"ORIGINAL"}]},"claim_lang":["en"],"has_claim":true,"description":{"en":{"text":"TITLE OF THE INVENTION \"ALPHA HELICAL MIMICS, THEIR USES AND METHODS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION\" FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates generally to short chain peptides that have been constrained to adopt an alpha helical conformation and to their use as alpha helical scaffolds for directing amino acid side chains into positions analogous to those found in longer chain alpha helical peptides and for attaching peptidic or non-peptidic appendages in order to mimic side chains of longer alpha helical peptides. More particularly the invention relates to alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides and their use as alpha helical scaffolds or macrocyclic alpha helical modules, either alone, or within longer chain peptides or attached to other macrocyclic peptides or attached to non-peptidic structures, for the purpose of mimicking naturally occurring peptides or proteins, and as agonists or antagonists of the biological activity of naturally-occurring peptides or proteins or for the preparation of new materials. [0002] Bibliographic details of the publications numerically referred to in this specification are collected at the end of the description. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] The alpha helix is a fundamental structural unit in the fabric of proteins, with 30% of all amino acids in proteins occurring in alpha helices. 1 When helical sequences of amino acids are exposed on an exterior surface of a protein, the helix frequently interacts with another protein, a segment of DNA or of RNA. 2 ' 3 This biomolecular recognition is central to a large range of biological processes, for example those summarized in Table 1. In most cases however only a few alpha helical turns are actually involved in the molecular recognition. For example, transcriptional regulators (e.g. p53, NF-kBp65, VP16c) 4\"6 apoptosis regulators (e.g. Bak) 7 and RNA-transporter proteins (e.g. Rev) 8 all contain a short alpha helical sequence of only 2-4 turns that mediates function by direct interaction with a receptor. TABLE 1 Some Biological Processes Mediated by Interaction of Alpha-Helices with Other Biomolecules [0004] Short peptide sequences of less than 15 amino acid residues that correspond to these helical protein regions are not thermodynamically stable structures in water when removed from their protein environments. 24 ' 25 Short synthetic peptides corresponding to such alpha helical recognition motifs tend not to display appreciable helical structure in water, away from the helix- stabilizing hydrophobic environments of proteins. If short peptide alpha helices could be stabilized or mimicked by small molecules, such compounds might be valuable chemical or biological probes and lead to development of novel pharmaceuticals, vaccines, diagnostics, biopolymers, and industrial agents. The goal of structurally mimicking short alpha helices with small molecules that have biological activity comparable to proteins has not yet been realized. [0005] Attempts to stabilize short alpha helical peptides have met with limited success to date. Examples of methods used to stabilize alpha helicity in peptides longer than 15 residues are helix-nucleating templates 26'29 , metals 30'35 , unnatural amino acids 36 ' 37 , non-covalent side chain constraints 38 ' 39 and covalent side chain linkers (e.g. disulfϊde- 40 ' 41 , hydrazone- 42 , lactam- 43'50 , aliphatic linkers 51\"53 ). Although mimics of short alpha helical segments have remained elusive, some recent attempts have been reported using non-peptidic oligoamide and terphenyl scaffolds that project 2-3 substituents into similar three dimensional space as the side chains of an alpha helix 54\"56 . [0006] Helix nucleating templates are organic molecules at the N- or C-terminus of a peptide which can make hydrogen bonds with the first or last four NH or C=O groups in the peptide, and thus nucleate helicity throughout the rest of the peptide. Such a task is not trivial due to the specific position, pitch and orientation of the required NH or C=O groups. Several attempts have had some success, these include Kemp's triacid, cyclic proline molecules, 26 ' 57\"61 , Mueller's Cage compound 62 , Bartlett's cap 28 , and Kahn's cap 63 . There have also been some attempts to synthesize capping groups by replacing a hydrogen bond with a covalent link as in the case of Satterthwait's cap 64. [0007] Transition metals 30\"35 are often found in proteins serving both catalytic and structural roles. By exploiting the ability of transition metals such as Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Ru 3 , Pd 2+ to bind both acidic and basic residues it has been possible to achieve helix stabilization. Chelation of metals to donor groups generally yields ~1 kcal/mol \"1 in helix stabilization, however stabilization is very dependent on solvent, salt concentration and pH. [0008] Unnatural amino acids have also been reported to favor helix stabilization. In general n-alkyl substitution, ,α- and γγ-disubstitution increases helix stability. β,β-Disubstitution reduces helicity, and β-tertiary substitution totally abolishes helix propensity, thus it appears the helix is quite sensitive to steric effects at the beta position 65 . α-Aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) in particular is known to stabilize α- and 3ι 0 -helical conformations and has been used to improve the biological activity of several peptides. Nociceptin analogues containing 1 or 2 Aib residues resulted in 10-15 fold increases in potency and affinity (K;= 0.02nM) 66 . Similarly an analogue of p53 containing Aib and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (Ac 3 c) yielded a peptide 1735 more active than the native peptide 67 . Finally when Aib was substituted into deltorphin-C analogues a 10-fold Kj increase in selectivity was obtained for δ vs μ opioid receptor subtypes 68 . [0009] Disulfide bridges have been employed to stabilize helices via two methods. The first involves the use of a modified, unnatural amino acid D,L 2-amino-6-mercaptohexanoic acid placed at the i th (D) and z ' +7 th (L) residues to stabilize two turns of an alpha helix 41 . The second approach involves using a D-cysteine (i) and L-cysteine (z+3) disulfide to stabilize a single alpha helical turn. This approach was successful to a certain extent, however the conformation was quite solvent dependent 40 . It has recently been reported that this approach was used to constrain the SRC-1 peptide, which is known to adopt an alpha helical conformation in the estrogen receptor-α, and inhibit this receptor with a Kj of 25nM 69 . [0010] Lactam bridges have often been used to increase helicity and turn conformations in long peptides. They generally involve the covalent amide linkage of the side chains of lysine/ornithine residues with the side chains of aspartic/glutamic acid residues at either i to t+3 or i to t+4 positions. These constraints although initially examined in model peptides have been applied to numerous biological targets in which the bioactive conformation is deemed to be helical. In general this constraint has been employed in relatively long sequences (15-30 residues) generally to create monocyclic analogues, but in some cases, up to three lactam bridges have been included. Some examples of their use include PTH, NPY, CRF, GCN4, Galanin and Dynorphin-A. Despite their inception over 10 years ago, there is still a lack of consensus over which residue combinations are the best, although it appears / to i+4 spacing is optimal for alpha helicity. Early pioneering work by Taylor 48 suggested Lys-»Asp was the optimal combination, however, later work by Houston identified Glu-→-Lys as optimal, although this study totally neglected to use aspartic acid 70 . More recent work by Taylor has involved using overlapping lactam bridges to yield a highly rigid hexapeptide alpha helix, highly resistant to chemical and thermal degradation 45 , and with some templating capability 71 . However, this hexapeptide scaffold is limited for general application as a template since only two of six residues are available for interaction with a biological target. The synthesis and properties of side- chain lactam bridged peptides, their alpha helical nature, functional activity and potential for improved proteolysis resistance has recently been reviewed 43 . [0011] Modified lactam-type bridges can also be spaced i to i+7, therefore requiring longer linkers, and in this regard, aspartic/glutamic acid, and/or diaminopropionic acid residues provide a convenient functionality to which linkers can be attached. Some of these have included diaminopentane linkers joined to two glutamic acids 53 , 4-(aminomethyl)-phenylacetic acid linked via aspartic acid and 1,3 -diaminopropionic acid 49 , or alternately 4-(aminomethyl)-phenylazobenzoic acid joined to the N- and C-terminus of an octapeptide. The two former methods resulted in reasonably stable helices, whilst the latter resulted in a 3 )0 helical/random coil conformation depending on the cis/trans isomerization of the azo linkage. [0012] Ring closing metathesis has been used in helix stabilization. Pioneered by Grubbs 72 , this approach has been utilized with allyl-modified serine/homoserine residues in z->z+4 fashion. It has not been overly successful in stabilizing alpha helicity, although some 3ι 0 stabilization was observed. Other approaches have incorporated both S- and R-α-methyl-α-allylglycine, along with the α-homoallyl and α-homohomoallyl derivatives, positioned at either t-»z'+4 or i->i+7 51 . It was found that the R-isomer at the i position and the S-isomer at the i+7 position, with an 11 carbon link provided 44% helix stability compared to the uncyclized peptide. [0013] Non-peptidic mimicry of alpha helices has been rare, with only a few examples reported. The first reported non-peptidic helix mimetics were 1 , 1 ,6-trisubstituted indanes, that when coupled to an amino acid were capable of presenting three side chains in a helical like conformation. When applied as tachykinin mimetics, they had micromolar affinity for NK and NK 3 receptors 73 . These type of molecules were recently applied to magainin mimicry, and whilst they were capable of killing bacterial strains they still maintained high hemolytic activity 74 . Recently Kahne and co-workers developed a pentasaccharide helix mimetic based on GCN4 which bound DNA with micromolar affinity 75 . By far the most successful approach to non-peptidic alpha helix mimicry has been achieved by Hamilton and co-workers who have successfully developed two generic types of molecules - terphenyls and oligoamides capable of mimicking the i, i+4, i+7 side chains on one face of an alpha helix. These mimetics have been successfully applied to inhibition of HIV gp41 mediated viral fusion with an IC 50 of 15.7μg/mL 76 , and also inhibit Bak/Bcl-X complex with low micromolar to nanomolar efficiency 77 ' 78 . [0014] There have been no previous reports of cyclic pentapeptides adopting alpha helices on their own. Usually cyclic pentapeptides have been used to mimic the smaller beta or gamma turns of peptides and proteins. There are numerous examples of cyclic peptides that mimic beta or gamma turns reported in the literature as demonstrated by several reviews 73\"81 . A prime example is synthetic compound 1 which is a cyclic pentapeptide containing the RGD tripeptide sequence. This compound is a potent glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa antagonist and orally bioavailable antithrombotic and antitumor agent 73 ' 82 ' 83 . Compound 1 provides a demonstration of how the simple insertion into a cyclopeptide of a rigid amino acid as a conformational constraint can result in favorable biological and pharmacological properties; and a number of its derivatives are in advanced clinical trials. For example, in phase III clinical trials, the cyclic RGD-containing heptapeptide drug eptifibatide (Integrilin) has been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiac events in patients at risk of abrupt vessel closure after coronary angioplasty 84 . 1 [0015] Constraints do not need to be complex, as shown in compound 2 where an omithine (or lysine) side chain is used to form the macrocycle. This constraint, in conjunction with proline and D-cyclohexylalanine constraints, induces intramolecular hydrogen bonding that confers potent antagonism (IC50 10 nM) against human C5a receptors on polymorphonuclear leukocytes both in vitro and in vivo 85 . C5a antagonists are expected to be useful for combating inflammatory diseases. [0016] Cyclotheonamide A (Compound 3) is a 19-membered cyclic pentapeptide possessing α-keto amide and tr /ω-4-aminobutenoyl constraints. It was isolated from the marine sponge Theonella sp. and was shown to inhibit the serine proteases thrombin (Ki 180 nM) and trypsin (Ki 23 nM). The NMR solution structure of compound 3 was recently found to be the same in water as those found in the solid state when bound to trypsin and thrombin 86 , suggesting that this natural product is pre-organized for enzyme binding, and that selectivity is associated with the positioning of the D-Phe side chain. [0017] Lactam bridges (i→ z * +3, i→ i+4, i→ i+7) have previously been reported to increase alpha helicity in longer peptides, although the literature is very inconsistent about their capacity to do so 43\"51 . There have been no reports of cyclic pentapeptides adopting alpha helical structures. [0018] The synthesis and conformation of multicyclic alpha helical peptides comprising three repeats of a heptapeptide constrained by a side-chain to side-chain lactam bridge in (i)→ (i+4) positions has been reported 48 ' 114 . These studies showed that spaced cyclic moieties in a peptide can induce or stabilize alpha helicity. [0019] Conformational restrictions in the form of (/)- (i+4) lactam bridges incorporated into known peptide sequences to induce helical conformation have also been reported 115 . Three constrained helical 31 -residue peptides derived from human parathyroid hormone and containing 1 , 2 or 3 cyclic moieties were shown to be potent agonists of the parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor [0020] There are few studies that report alpha helicity for the theoretical minimum (pentapeptide) sequence needed to define a beta turn, the existence and properties of which are not well defined despite the likelihood that only one or a few turns of a protein helix need to be mimicked for agonist/antagonist biological activity. [0021] There are many commercially important peptides that are known to adopt alpha helical structures that would benefit from improved structural stabilization and improved resistance to proteolysis. Some examples include calcitonin which has been launched for the treatment of osteoporosis, the parathyroid hormone which is in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of osteoporosis, a substance-P/saporin conjugate which is in preclinical trials for the treatment of pain and conantokin-G which is under development for the treatment of epilepsy (Pharmaprojects, 2004). [0022] Accordingly, there is a need for stabilized short peptide alpha helices that can mimic biological molecules or that can be incorporated into non-peptidic or semi-peptidic compounds to mimic biological molecules. Such peptides could potentially be valuable as chemical and biological probes, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology products such as vaccines, or diagnostic agents, new components of biopolymers and industrial agents. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0023] This invention is predicated in part on the unexpected discovery that certain short chain peptides, which comprise at least one macrocyclic pentapeptide unit, are highly alpha helical in their own right in water even when subjected to denaturing conditions (e.g., 8M guanidine.HCl; trypsin; human plasma). Based on this discovery, the present invention resides in novel alpha helical compounds and non peptidic structures, which use one or more such cyclic pentapeptides or their analogues as alpha helical scaffolds that can project additional peptidic, cyclic, and non-peptidic appendages into positions typical of side chains of alpha helical peptides and protein segments. The present invention is also directed to methods for their preparation and use, as described hereinafter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0024] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those pf ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, preferred methods and materials are described. For the purposes of the present invention, the following terms are defined below. [0025] The articles \"a\" and \"an\" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, \"an element\" means one element or more than one element. [0026] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word \"comprise,\" and variations such as \"comprises\" and \"comprising,\" will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. [0027] Advantageously, at least one embodiment of the present invention provides compounds comprising at least one macrocyclic moiety, particularly a cyclic pentapeptide moiety, which has surprising alpha helicity in water, even under strong protein denaturing conditions such as high temperature (e.g., 40 to 80° C), or the presence of up to 8M guanidine hydrochloride, or the presence of proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. [0028] According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a compound comprising at least one alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide consists essentially of a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, with the proviso that when the compound comprises a single cyclic peptide it is selected from a compound that consists essentially of the single peptide or a compound that comprises the single peptide and a non-peptide moiety or a compound that comprises the single peptide and at least one other peptide that comprises at least one amino acid whose side chain has been derivatized and that when the compound comprises two or more cyclic peptides, at least two of these are located immediately adjacent to each other. [0029] As used herein \"alpha helical\" refers to a three dimensional structural conformation which is analogous to those found in proteins and polypeptides. The alpha helix conformation found in naturally occurring proteins and polypeptides has its side chains extending to the outside of the structure, has a complete turn every 3.6 amino acids, is right-handed and typically has hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl groups of the amide bond and an amide N-H group 4 amino acids further on in the sequence. The cyclic peptides of the present invention have a helicity calculated from molar elipticities obtained from circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD spectroscopy) and are expressed as a percentage of the theoretical helicity obtainable for that peptide or a relative helicity compared to a reference standard or standard helix. [0030] As used herein, the term \"amino acid\" refers to compounds having an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. An amino acid may be a naturally occurring amino acid or non-naturally occurring amino acid and may be a proteogenic amino acid or a non-proteogenic amino acid. The amino acids incorporated into the amino acid sequences of the present invention may be L-α-amino acids, D-α-amino acids or mixtures thereof. [0031] In some embodiments, the cyclic peptides of the invention are linked directly or indirectly to non-peptide moieties. Such moieties include, but are not limited to, aldehydes, toxins; drugs; polysaccharides; nucleotides; oligonucleotides; labels such as radioactive substances (e.g. ι n In, 12S I, . 131 L 99m Tc, 212 B, 90 Y, 186 Rh); biotin; fluorescent tags; imaging reagents (e.g., those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,741,900 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,856); hydrocarbon linkers (e.g., an alkyl group or derivative thereof) conjugated to a moiety providing for attachment to a solid substratum, or to a moiety providing for easy separation or purification (e.g., a hapten recognized by an antibody bound to a magnetic bead), etc. Linkage of the peptide to the non-peptide moiety may be by any of several well- known methods in the art. [0032] Suitable naturally occurring proteogenic amino acids are shown in Table 2 together with their one letter and three letter codes. TABLE 2 Amino Acid one letter code three letter code L-alanine A Ala L-arginine R Arg L-asparagine N Asn L-aspartic acid D Asp L-cysteine C Cys ■ L-glutamine Q Gin L-glutamic acid E Glu Amino Acid one letter code three letter code glycine G Gly L-histidine H His L-isoleucine. I lie L-leucine L Leu L-lysine K Lys L-methionine M Met L-phenylalanine F Phe L-proline P Pro L-serine S Ser L-threonine T Thr L-tryptophan W Tip L-tyrosine Y Tyr L-valine V Val [0033] Suitable non-proteogenic or non-naturally occurring amino acids may be prepared by side chain modification or by total synthesis. Examples of side chain modifications contemplated by the present invention include, but are not limited to modifications of amino groups such as by reductive alkylation by reaction with an aldehyde followed by reduction with NaBH 4 ; amidination with methylacetimidate; acylation with acetic anhydride; carbamoylation of amino groups with cyanate; trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS); acylation of amino groups with succinic anhydride and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride; and pyridoxylation of lysine with pyridoxal-5-phosphate followed by reduction with NaBH . [0034] The guanidine group of arginine residues may be modified by the formation of heterocyclic condensation products with reagents such as 2,3-butanedione, phenylglyoxal and glyoxal. [0035] The carboxyl group may be modified by carbodiimide activation via O-acylisourea formation followed by subsequent derivatisation, for example, to a corresponding amide. [0036] Sulfhydryl groups may be modified by methods such as carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide; performic acid oxidation to cysteic acid; formation of a mixed disulfides with other thiol compounds; reaction with maleimide, maleic anhydride or other substituted maleimide; formation of mercurial derivatives using 4-chloromercuribenzoate, 4- chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, phenylmercury chloride, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol and other mercurials; carbamoylation with cyanate at alkaline pH. [0037] Tryptophan residues may be modified by, for example, oxidation with N- bromosuccinimide or alkylation of the indole ring with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or sulfenyl halides. Tyrosine residues on the other hand, may be altered by nitration with tetranitromethane to form a 3-nitrotyrosine derivative. [0038] Modification of the imidazole ring of a histidine residue may be accomplished by alkylation with iodoacetic acid derivatives or N-carboethoxylation with diethylpyrocarbonate. [0039] Examples of incorporating unnatural amino acids and derivatives during protein synthesis include, but are not limited to, use of norleucine, t-butylglycine, norvaline, phenylglycine, omithine, sarcosine, 2-thienyl alanine and/or D-isomers of amino acids. Examples of suitable non- proteogenic or non-naturally occurring amino acids contemplated herein is shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 Non-conventional amino acid Code Non-conventional amino acid Code α-arninobutyric acid Abu L-N-methylalanine Nmala cv-amino-cv-methylbutyrate Mgabu L-N-methylarginine Nmarg aminocyclopropane- carboxylate Cpro L-N-methylasparagine Nmasn L-N-methylaspartic acid Nmasp L-N-methylcysteine Nmcys aminonorbornyl-carboxylate Norb L-N-methylglutamine Nmgln cyclohexylalanine Chexa L-N-methylglutamic acid Nmglu cyclopentylalanine Cpen L-N-methylhistidine Nmhis D-alanine Dal L-N-methylisolleucine Nmile D-arginine Darg L-N-methylleucine Nmleu D-aspartic acid Dasp L-N-methyllysine Nmlys D-cysteine Dcys L-N-methylmethionine Nmmet D-glutamine Dgln L-N-methylnorleucine Nmnle D-glutamic acid Dglu L-N-methylnorvaline Nmnva D-histidine Dhis L-N-methylomithine Nmom D-isoleucine Dile L-N-methylphenylalanine Nmphe D-leucine Dleu L-N-methylproline Nmpro D-lysine Dlys L-N-methylserine Nmser D-methionine Dmet L-N-methylthreonine Nmthr D-omithine Dorn L-N-methyltryptophan Nmtrp D-phenylalanine Dphe L-N-methyltyrosine Nmtyr D-proline Dpro L-N-methylvaline Nmval D-serine Dser L-N-methylethylglycine Nmetg D-threonine Dthr L-N-methyl-t-butylglycine Nmtbug D-tryptophan Dtrp L-norleucine Nle D-tyrosine Dtyr L-norvaline Nva D-valine Dval c.-methyl-aminoisobutyrate Maib D-α-mefhylalanine Dmala α-methyl- -aminobutyrate Mgabu D-c-methylarginine Dmarg c.-methylcyclohexylalanine Mchexa D-α-methylasparagine Dmasn α-methylcylcopentylalanine Mcpen D-c.-methylaspartate Dmasp tv-methyl -α-napthylalanine Manap D-c.-methyIcysteine Dmcys c-methylpenicillamine Mpen D-c-methylglutamine Dmgln N-(4-aminobutyl)glycine Nglu Non-conventional amino acid Code Non-conventional amino acid Code D-c -methylhistidine Dmhis N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine Naeg D-α-methylisoleucine Dmile N-(3 -aminopropyl)glycine Nom D-c.-methylleucine Dmleu N-amino-α-methylbutyrate Nmaabu D-α-methyllysine Dmlys c.-napthylalanine Anap D-α-methylmethionine Dmmet N-benzylglycine Nphe D-c-methylomithine Dmorn N-(2-carbamylethyl)glycine Ngln D-c-methylphenylalanine Dmphe N-(carbamylmethyl)glycine Nasn D-c-methylproline Dmpro N-(2-carboxyethyl)glycine Nglu D-α-methylserine Dmser N-(carboxymethyl)glycine Nasp D-α-methylthreonine Dmthr N-cyclobutylglycine Ncbut D-c-methyltryptophan Dmtrp N-cycloheptylglycine Nchep D-o.-methyltyrosine Dmty N-cyclohexylglycine Nchex D-c-methylvaline Dmval N-cyclodecylglycine Ncdec D-N-methylalanine Dnmala N-cylcododecylglycine Ncdod D-N-methylarginine Dnmarg N-cyclooctylglycine Ncoct D-N-methylasparagine Dnmasn N-cyclopropylglycine Ncpro D-N-methylaspartate Dnmasp N-cycloundecylglycine Ncund D-N-methylcysteine Dnmcys N-(2,2-diphenylethyl)glycine Nbhm D-N-methylglutamine Dnmgln N-(3 ,3 -diphenylpropyl)glycine Nbhe D-N-methylglutamate Dnmglu N-(3 -guanidinopropyl)glycine Narg D-N-methylhistidine Dnmhis N-( 1 -hydroxyethyl)glycine Nthr D-N-methylisoleucine Dnmile N-(hydroxyethyl))glycine Nser D-N-methylleucine Dnmleu N-(imidazolylethyl))glycine Nhis D-N-methyllysine Dnmlys N-(3-indolylyethyl)glycine Nhtrp N-methylcyclohexylalanine Nmchexa D-N-methylmethionine Dnmmet D-N-methylomithine Dnmom N-methylcyclopentylalanine Nmcpen N-methylglycine Nala D-N-methylphenylalanine Dnmphe N-methylaminoisobutyrate Nmaib D-N-methylproline Dnmpro N-(l -methylpropyl)glycine Nile D-N-methylserine Dnmser N-(2-methylpropyl)glycine Nleu D-N-methylthreonine Dnmthr D-N-methyltryptophan Dnmtrp N-( 1 -methylethyl)glycine Nval D-N-methyltyrosine Dnmtyr N-methyl-napthylalanine Nmanap D-N-methylvaline Dnmval N-methylpenicillamine Nmpen L-t-butylglycine Tbug N-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine Nhtyr L-ethylglycine Etg N-(thiomethyl)glycine Ncys L-homophenylalanine Hphe penicillamine Pen L-α-methylarginine Marg L-c.-methylalanine Mala L-c-methylaspartate Masp L-α-methylasparagine Masn L-c-methylcysteine Mcys L-α-methyl-t-butylglycine Mtbug L-α-methylglutamine Mgln L-methylethylglycine Metg L-c-methylhistidine Mhis L-α-methylglutamate Mglu Non-conventional amino acid Code Non-conventional amino acid Code L-c-methylisoleucine Mile L-α-methylhomophenylalanine Mhphe L-α-methylleucine Mleu N-(2-methylthioethyl)glycine Nmet L-α-methylmefhionine M et L-α-methyllysine Mlys L-tv-methylnorvaline Mnva L-α-methylnorleucine Mnle L-c-methylphenylalanine Mphe L-α-methylomithine Mom L-α-mefhylserine Mser L-α-methylproline Mpro L-α-methyltryptophan Mtrp L-c.-methylthreonine Mthr L-c.-methylvaline Mval L-c.-methyltyrosine Mtyr N-(N-(2,2-diphenylethyl) Nnbhm L-N-methylhomophenylalanine Nmhphe carbamylmethyl)glycine 1 -carboxy- 1 -(2,2-diphenyl Nmbc N-(N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl) Nnbhe ethylamino)cyclopropane carbamylmethyl)glycine [0040] As used herein, \"amino acid side chain\" or \"side chain\" refers to the characterizing substituent of the amino acid. This term refers to the substituent bound to the α-carbon of either a natural or non-natural α-amino acid. For example, the characterizing substituents of some naturally occurring amino acids are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 The Proteinogenic Amino Acids Amino acid -R Alanine -CH 3 Arginine -(CH 2 ) 3 NHC(=NH)NH 2 Asparagine -CH2CONH2 Aspartic acid -CH 2 CO 2 H Cysteine -CH 2 SH Glutamine -(CH 2 ) 2 CONH 2 Glutamic acid -(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H Glycine -H Histidine -CH 2 (4-imidazolyl) Isoleucine -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 Leucine -CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 Lysine -(CH 2 ) 4 NH 2 Methionine -(CH 2 ) 2 SCH 3 Phenylalanine -CH 2 Ph Amino acid -R Serine -CH 2 OH Threonine -CH(CH 3 )OH Tryptophan -CH 2 (3-indolyl) Tyrosine -CH 2 (4-hydroxyphenyl) Valine -CH(CH 3 ) 2 [0041] Another naturally occurring amino acid is proline. in which the α-side chain terminates in a bond with the amino acid amine nitrogen atom. Some non- limiting examples of characterizing substituents of non-naturally occurring amino acids are shown in Table 5: TABLE 5 Non-Natural Amino Acids Amino acid -R α-aminobutyric acid -CH 2 CH 3 omithine -(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 cyclohexylalanine -CH 2 CgHιo cyclopentylalanine -CH2C5H J J norvaline -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 norleucine -(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 [0042] In some embodiments, the cyclic peptide is a macrocycle formed by consecutively linking at least 18 to 22 atoms, wherein the first and last atoms are bonded to one another to form a ring. In a preferred embodiment the macrocycle is formed from 19 to 21 atoms, especially preferred are macrocycles formed from 20 atoms. In some embodiments, the first terminal residue and second terminal residue of the pentapeptide are alpha amino acids. In these embodiments, the resulting macrocycle ring size is preferably 18-22 atoms, more preferably 20 atoms. In particular, where one of the first terminal residue and second terminal residue of the pentapeptide is Lys and the other is Asp, the resulting macrocycle ring size is preferably 18-22 atoms, more preferably 20 atoms. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that modifications to the substituents at the first and second terminal residues of the pentapeptide will result in a slightly different optimal macrocycle requirements. [0043] The two amino acid side chains of the first and second terminal residues defined above may be linked in any suitable manner to form a cyclic pentapeptide. In some embodiments, the side chains are linked by a covalent bond either directly or through a linker. In an illustrative example, the side chains are covalently linked to one another without an intervening linker, for example, by formation of a lactam bridge between a side chain carboxylic acid group and a side chain amino group or a disulfide bond between two side chain thiol groups. In a preferred embodiment, a carboxylic acid in the side chain of one amino acid residue is reacted with an amine in the side chain of a second amino acid residue to form an amide bond or lactam bridge. [0044] In some embodiments, one of the amino acid residues having a side chain participating in the linkage is selected from L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, D-aspartic acid, D- glutamic acid, L-α-methyl-aspartic acid, L-α-methylglutamic acid, D-α-methylaspartic acid and D-α- methyl-glutamic acid, and the other amino acid residue having a side chain participating in the linkage is selected from L-lysine, L-omithine, D-lysine, D-omithine, L-α-methyllysine, D-α-methyllysine, L- α-methylornithine and D-α-methylomithine. Preferably the amide bond is formed by reaction of an L- aspartic acid or L-glutamic acid with an L-lysine or L-omithine. [0045] In a preferred embodiment of the invention the amino acid residues in the sequence are D- or L-α-amino acids, especially L-α-amino acids. [0046] In another aspect of the invention there is provided a compound having the following formula (I): ( I ) [0047] wherein each Xaa is independently selected from any amino acid residue; [0048] Ri is selected from H, an N-terminal capping group, a non-peptidic group or a group that mimics an amino acid side chain; [0049] R 2 is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group, a group that mimics an amino acid side chain or a group that activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution; [0050] each R' and R\" are independently selected from H, Ci- o alkyl, C 2 -Cι 0 alkenyl, C 2 - Cio alkynyl, C 3 -C 10 cylcoalkyl, C 5 -Cι 0 cycloalkenyl, -OH, -OC,-C 10 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C r Cι 0 alkyl), - N(C Cι 0 alkyl) 2 , C 6 -C 12 aryl, C 3 -Cι 0 heterocyclyl, C 5 -Cι 0 heteroaryl and halo; [0051] L is selected from -NH-C(O)-, -C(O)-NH-, -S-S-, -CH(OH)CH 2 -, CH 2 CH(OH)-, -CH=CH-, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -NH-CH 2 - -CH 2 -NH-, -CH 2 -S-, -S-CH 2 -, -C(O)-CH 2 -, -CH 2 -C(O)-, -S(O) t -NH- , -NΗ-S(O) Γ , CH 2 -P(=O)(OH)- and -P(=O)(OH)-CH 2 -; [0052] m is an integer from 1 to 4, [0053] n is an integer from 1 to 4, and [0054] t is 0, 1 or 2, [0055] wherein m + n = 4, 5 or 6 and wherein when m is 2, n is not 3 and when m is 3, n is not 2. [0056] As used herein, the term \"alkyl\" refers to a saturated, straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group, preferably having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2- methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 4-methylbutyl, hexyl, 2-ethylbutyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl. Preferred alkyl groups have 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Especially preferred alkyl groups have 1 to 3 carbon atoms. [0057] As used herein, the term \"alkenyl\" refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Suitable alkenyl groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, 1-methylvinyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl and decenyl. Preferred alkenyl groups have 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Especially preferred alkenyl groups have 2 or 3 carbon atoms. [0058] As used herein, the term \"alkynyl\" refers to straight chain hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Suitable alkynyl groups having 2 to 10 carbon atoms include, but not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl and decynyl. Preferred alkynyl groups have 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Especially preferred alkynyl groups have 2 or 3 carbon atoms. [0059] As used herein, \"halo\" is intended to include fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. [0060] As used herein, the term \"cycloalkyl\" refers to saturated mono- or poly- cyclic hydrocarbon groups. Suitable cycloalkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl and the like. Preferred cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. [0061] As used herein, the term \"cycloalkenyl\" refers to saturated mono- or poly- cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Suitable cycloalkenyl groups having 5 to 10 carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, 1-methyl-cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclooctenyl, 1,3-cyclopentadienyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, 1,4- cyclohexadienyl, 1,3-cycloheptadienyl, 1,3,5-cycloheptatrienyl and 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraenyl. Preferred cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl and cyclohexenyl. [0062] The term \"aryl\" used either alone or in compound words denotes single, polynuclear, conjugated or fused residues of aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl. Preferred aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl. [0063] The term \"heteroaryl\" refers to aromatic heterocyclic ring systems, wherein one or more carbon atoms (and where appropriate, hydrogen atoms attached thereto) of a cyclic hydrocarbon residue are replaced with a heteroatom to provide an aromatic residue. Where two or more carbon atoms are replaced, this may be by two or more of the same heteroatom or by different heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatoms include O, N, S and Se. Examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, phenazinyl, acridinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl and the like. Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl. [0064] The term \"heterocyclyl\" when used alone or in compound words includes monocyclic, polycyclic, fused or conjugated hydrocarbon residues, preferably C 3 .ι 0 , preferably C 3 . 6 , wherein one or more carbon atoms (and where appropriate, hydrogen atoms attached thereto) are replaced by a heteroatom so as to provide a non-aromatic residue. Suitable heteroatoms include, O, N, S, and Se. Where two or more carbon atoms are replaced, this may be by two or more of the same heteroatom or by different heteroatoms. Suitable examples of heterocyclic groups may include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholino, indolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholino, dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyrrolyl etc. [0065] In preferred embodiments, any one of the following may apply: [0066] R j is selected from H, an N-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a negative charge at the N-terminus to match with the helix dipole, a non-peptidic group or a mimic of an amino acid side chain. Suitable N-terminal capping groups include acyl and N-succinate. Suitable groups that mimic an amino acid side chain are any natural or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the N- terminal amino group of the peptide through a carbonyl group derived from a carboxylic acid by formation of an amide bond. Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains include, but are not limited to: [0067] CH 3 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, NH 2 (NH=)CNHC(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 NC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HS(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 NC(O)(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(0)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4- imidazolyl)(CH 2 )C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) 5 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 S(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 4 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HO(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HOCH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (3-indolyl)(CH 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4- hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4-hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, C 6 H 10 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, C 5 H 8 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(O)CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HS(CH 2 )C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) 4 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)- and HOCH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)- wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10. The preferred non-peptidic groups enhance the stability, bioavailability or activity of the peptides. Suitable non-peptidic groups include, but are not limited to hydrophobic groups such as carbobenzoxyl, dansyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, groups which stabilize or mimic alpha-helices, groups which mimic the secondary structure of peptides, particularly alpha helical peptides, such as those disclosed in WO 03/018587, groups which improve bioavailability, such as hydrophilic groups which aid aqueous solubility, for example, cyclodextrans; groups which are recognized by transport receptors to allow or improve transport of the peptides to the site of activity, for example, transport across cell walls or through an epithelial layer such as skin or the gut wall. [0068] R 2 is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a positive charge at the C-terminus to match with the helix dipole, a peptide of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid residues optionally capped with a C-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a positive charge at the C-terminus to match with the helix dipole, a mimic of an amino acid side chain or a group which activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution. A suitable C-terminal capping group is NH 2 . Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains are any common or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the C-terminal carbonyl group of the peptide through an amine group by formation of an amide bond. Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains include but are not limited to: [0069] -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 NHC(=NH)NH 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 SH, - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4-imidazolyl), - NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH-(CH 2 ) 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 3 ) 3 SCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (3-indolyl), -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4-hydroxyphenyl), -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 (4-hydroxyphenyl), -NH(CH 2 ) U NH-CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -(NHCH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NH-CH 2 C 6 H 10) -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 C 5 H 8 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 SH, -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 OH, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 and -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 OH; wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10. [0070] Suitable groups which activate the C-terminal carboxylic to nucleophilic attack include converting the carboxylic acid to an acid chloride, an acid anhydride, an acyl azide, an O- acylisourea, a phosphonium derivative or an activated ester, especially those known in the art for activating carboxylic acids for peptide bond formation. . [0071] In some embodiments, non-peptidic groups enhance the stability and circulating time, or decrease immunogenicity, or increase solubility, bioavailability or activity of the peptides (see U.S. Patent No. 4,179,337). Suitable non-peptidic groups include but are not limited to hydrophobic groups such as t-butyl, groups which stabilize or mimic alpha-helices, groups which mimic the secondary structure of peptides, particularly alpha helical peptides, such as those disclosed in WO 03/018587, groups which improve bioavailability, such as hydrophilic groups which aid aqueous solubility, for example, cyclodextrans; groups which are recognized by transport receptors to allow or improve transport of the peptides to the site of activity, for example, transport across cell walls or through an epithelial layer such as skin or the gut wall. In some embodiments, PEG (polyethylene glycol) groups are conjugated to the peptide compounds to make those compounds more easily formulated and orally available. The amphiphilic nature of PEG helps protect the parent peptide from enzymatic breakdown and positions the drug for absorption across the gastrointestinal tract into the plasma. The terms \"pegylated\" and \"pegylation\" refer to the process of reacting apoly(alkylene glycol), suitably an activated poly(alkylene glycol), with a facilitator such as an amino acid, e.g. lysine, to form a covalent bond. Although \"pegylation\" is often carried out using poly(ethylene glycol) or derivatives thereof, such as methoxy poly(ethylene glycol), the term is not intended to be so limited here, but is intended to include any other useful poly(alkylene glycol), such as, for example poly(propylene glycol). The chemical moieties for derivitization may also be selected from water soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol/propylene glycol copolymers, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. The pentapeptide compounds may be modified at random positions within the molecule, or at predetermined positions within the molecule and may include one, two, three or more attached chemical moieties. In some embodiments, the modification occurs at a position outside of the cyclic pentapeptide moiety, for example at amino acids preceding the cyclic pentapeptide moiety or at the N-terminus. [0072] The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched. For polyethylene glycol, exemplary examples include micropegylated groups devised specifically to enhance oral delivery in peptides as described in WO2004047871. Methods for attaching Peg groups are well described in the patent literature (WO2004047871, US Patent No. 5,643,575; EP 0401 384; WO03057235A2) For example, polyethylene glycol maybe covalently bound through amino acid residues via a reactive group, such as, a free amino or carboxyl group. Reactive groups are those to which an activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound. One or more reaction chemistries may be employed to attach polyethylene glycol to specific amino acid residues (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or cysteine) of the polypeptide or to more than one type of amino acid residue (e.g., lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine and combinations thereof) of the protein or polypeptide. Polyethylene glycol may be attached to the protein or polypeptide either directly or by an intervening linker. Polyethylene glycol can also be attached to polypeptides using a number of different intervening linkers. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,612,460 discloses urethane linkers for connecting polyethylene glycol to proteins. Protein polyethylene glycol conjugates wherein the polyethylene glycol is attached to the protein or polypeptide by a linker can also be produced by reaction of proteins or polypeptides with compounds such as MPEG-succinimidylsuccinate, MPEG activated with 1, 1'-carbonyldiimidazole, MPEG-2,4,5- trichloropenylcarbonate, MPEG-p-nitrophenolcarbonate, and various MPEG-succinate derivatives. A number of additional polyethylene glycol derivatives and reaction chemistries for attaching polyethylene glycol to proteins and polypeptides are described in WO 03/057235; PCT/GB03/00062; U.S. Patent No. 5,428,128; U.S. Patent No. 6,127,355; and U.S. Patent No. 5,880,131. [0073] Each R' is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , vinyl, OH, OCH 3 , NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , phenyl, F or Cl; most preferably H or CH 3 , especially H. [0074] Each R\" is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 or vinyl, especially H. [0075] m is 1 and n is 3 or 4, m is 2 and n is 4, m is 3 and n is 1 or m is 4 and n is 1 or 2, especially where m is 1 and n is 4. [0076] Each Xaa may be any amino acid residue selected to mimic the amino acid residues in a known alpha helical peptide of interest or to prepare an unknown peptide having new properties. An individual Xaa can be the same or different as another Xaa and is preferably selected from a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue. Especially preferred peptides of formula (I) have at least one Xaa which is a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue that is favorable to helix formation. Even more preferred are peptides in which 2 or 3 of Xaa are D- or L- alpha amino acid residues that are favorable to helix formation, for example, alanine, arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cysteine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and aspartic acid, especially alanine, arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid and glutamine. [0077] L is preferably -NH-C(O)- or -C(O)-NH-. [0078] Surprisingly, the cyclic pentapeptides of the invention display tolerance of variation of Xaa residues, with most amino acid substitutions of these residues retaining a high degree of helicity. The range of amino acid substitutions that could be made at a specific Xaa residue would be readily apparent to a person of skill in the art. [0079] Representative peptides of the invention include, but are not limited to: [0080] Ac-cyclo-l,5-[KXaaXaaXaaD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 1] [0081] Ac-cyclo-l,5-[DXaaXaaXaaK]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 2] [0082] Ac-cyclo-l,5-[KXaaXaaXaaE]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 3] [0083] Ac-cyclo-l,5-[EXaaXaaXaaK]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 4] [0084] Ac-cyclo-l,5-[OXaaXaaXaaD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 5] [0085] Ac-cyclo-l,5-[DXaaXaaXaaO]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 6] [0086] Ac-Xaa-cyclo-2,6-[KXaaXaaXaaD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 7] [0087] Especially preferred peptides are those of SEQ ID NO. 1 , SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 6 and SEQ ID NO. 7, more especially SEQ ID NO. 1 and SEQ ID NO. 7. [0088] Illustrative examples of amino acid sequences represented by f] include: [0089] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[KARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 8] [0090] Ac-(cyclo- 1 ,5)-[DARAK]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 9] [0091] Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAE]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 10] [0092] Ac-(cyclo-l J 5)-[EARAK]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 11] [0093] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[OARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 12] [0094] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[DARAO]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 13] [0095] Ac- [KARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 14] [0096] Ac-cyclo-2,6-R[KLLLD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 15] [0097] Ac-cyclo-2,6-R[KLALD]-NH 2 [SEQ I NO. 16] [0098] Ac-cyclo-2,6-R[KLFAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 17] [0099] Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[OARAE]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 18] [00100] Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[EARAO]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 19] [0100] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[KARAD]-OH [SEQ ID NO. 20] [0101] H-(cyclo-l ,5)-[KARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO. 21] [0102] H-(cyclo-l ,5)-[KARAD]-OH [SEQ ID NO. 22] [0103] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAAAD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 23] [0104] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KALAD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 24] [0105] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAMAD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 25] [0106] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAQAD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 26] [0107] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAFAD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 27] [0108] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAGAD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 28] [0109] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KGSAD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 29] [0110] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KSSSD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 30] [0111] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KGGGD]-NH2 [SEQ ID NO. 31] [0112] In some embodiments, the peptide compound comprises at least one cyclic pentapeptide of the invention and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or more amino acid residues adjacent thereto. In specific embodiments, the peptide compound comprises a single cyclic pentapeptide of the invention and another amino acid residue located immediately upstream or downstream thereof. [0113] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for constructing a constrained helical peptide comprising the steps of: (1) synthesizing a peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the individual side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linkable to each other; and (2) cyclizing the peptide by linking the side chain of the first terminal residue with the side chain of the second terminal residue, thereby yielding a constrained helical peptide. In certain embodiments, the first terminal residue has a side chain containing an amide bond-forming substituent and the second terminal residue has a side chain containing a functional group capable of forming an amide linkage with the side chain amide bond-forming substituent of the first terminal residue and the peptide is cyclised by reacting the side chain amide bond-forming substituent of the first terminal residue with the functional group of the second terminal residue to form an amide bond linkage, thereby yielding a constrained helical peptide. During peptide synthesis, reactive groups on the side chains, including the amide forming substituents are suitably protected, for example, carboxy groups can be suitably protected as esters such as methyl, ethyl, allyl, benzyl, t-butyl or phenyl esters and amino groups can be suitably protected with alkyloxy carbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), t- butoxycarbonyl (Boc), 2-(4-biphenylyl)-isopropoxycarbonyl (Bpoc), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (trityl) or 2-nitrophenylsulphenyl (Nps) groups, which may be removed after synthesis of the peptide and before reaction to form the amide bond linkage. Suitable methods for selectively protecting and deprotecting functional groups can be found in Green & Wutz 94 and Taylor (2002) 43 . [0114] The peptides of the present invention may be prepared using techniques known in the art. For example, peptides can be synthesized using various solid phase techniques 91 or using an automated synthesis and standard Fmoc chemistry 92 . These techniques are also suitable for incorporating non-naturally occurring amino acid residues into the amino acid sequence. [0115] Alternatively, non-naturally occurring amino acids may be incorporated into the sequence by manipulation of a residue in the sequence. For example, the hydroxy group or thiol group of threonine, serine or cysteine may be alkylated to provide an ether or thioether, or substituents may be introduced into the phenyl ring of phenylalanine or tyrosine using known substitution reactions such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation or acylation. [0116] Once the peptides of the present invention have been prepared, they may be substantially purified using preparative HPLC. The composition of the peptides can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or by sequencing, for example, using the Edman Degradation procedure. [0117] Suitable protecting groups for use during solid phase synthesis or solution phase of the amino acid sequences, together with suitable protecting and deprotecting methods for reactive functional groups such as amines and carboxylic acids, are known in the art, for example, as found in Green & Wutz 94 . [0118] Once the peptide is prepared and deprotection of the side chains is effected, cyclization to form a cyclic peptide may be achieved by methods known in the art. For example, an amide bond may be formed between a side chain carboxylic acid and a side chain amine by activation of the carboxylic acid, for example, as an acid chloride, acid anhydride, an acyl azide, a carbodiimide, an acyloxyphosphonium or uronium compound or an active ester, and allowing nucleophilic attack from the amine nitrogen atom. A particularly preferred method of activating the carboxylic acid to nucleophilic attack is preparation of an acyloxyphosphonium or uronium derivative of the carboxylic acid, for example, by reaction with the carboxylic acid with benzotriazolyloxy-tri- (dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) or benzotriazolyloxy-tris- (pyrrolidinyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (Py-BOP) in the presence of a tertiary amine such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamme (DIPEA) or similar reaction using Benzotriazol-l-yl-1, 1,3,3- tetramethyluronium ion (HBTU). [0119] A representative solid phase synthesis is shown in Scheme 1: TFA, TIPS H,0 Scheme 1 [0120] The peptides of the invention are designed to mimic binding determinants from alpha helical binding domains of known proteins. Such peptides have a number of uses, including the determination of whether a binding determinant in an alpha helical binding domain of a known protein can serve as a structural model for the design of peptidomimetics or small molecules capable of mimicking or antagonizing the binding activity of the intact protein. In using the peptides of the invention for this purpose, the practitioner may select a binding protein with an alpha helical domain that interacts with a ligand, and then identify a candidate binding determinant situated within a sequence of (e.g., three or more) contiguous amino acid residues in the helical binding domain. The candidate binding determinant can be identified by using mutagenesis (e.g., alanine scanning mutagenesis) to determine whether the candidate sequence contains one or more amino acid residues that are critical for ligand binding. Subsequently, a constrained peptide containing the candidate sequence is designed by selecting two residues in the candidate sequence (designated i and i+4) which are separated by an intervening sequence of n-1 (e.g., 3) amino acid residues and which do not substantially interact with ligand (as determined by mutagenesis in the previous step) for substitution with amino acid residues having side chains that can be linked to each other. The peptide is synthesized and the side chains of the foreign i and i+4 residues are used to tether the peptide in an alpha helical conformation according to the methods of the invention described herein. Finally, the peptide's binding activity with the ligand is assayed, e.g., in a binding competition assay with the intact binding protein, and the results of the assay can be used to determine whether a peptidomimetic or small molecule antagonist could be developed using the binding determinant as a structural model. [0121] Thus, in a further aspect, the invention contemplates the use an alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other as a scaffold for presenting the side chains of at least some of the five amino acid residues in a (three dimensional) conformation that is analogous to the conformation of amino acid side chains of at least a portion of an alpha helical domain of a known protein. In some embodiments, the side chains of at least 1 or 2 or all 3 of the intervening amino acid residues are so analogously presented. In other embodiments, the side chains of at least 1 or 2 or all 3 of the intervening amino acid residues and at least one terminal amino acid residue are so analogously presented. Suitably, at least part of the conformationally constrained secondary structure defined by the five amino acid residues (i.e., pentapeptide) mimics a member of a ligand-receptor binding pair. Illustrative examples of ligand- receptor binding pairs include protein-DNA binding partners (e.g., Zif268 and G/C rich major groove), protein-RNA binding partners (e.g., HIV reverse transcriptase and Rev response element (RRE); λ-N peptide and BoxB RNA; p22 peptides and BoxB RNA) and protein-protein binding partners (e.g., p53 and HDM2; Bak and Bcl-X L ; VHL peptide and Elongin C; VP16 activation domain and HTAF π 31; hPTH and hPTHrP; Dynorphin A and κ,δ-Opioid receptors; Apolipoprotein-E and LDL receptor; Neuropeptide-Y and NPY receptors; Galanin and Gal receptors; Corticotropin Releasing Factor and CRF receptors; Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide and CGRP receptors; Nociceptin and ORLl receptor; Vasointestinal Peptide and VPACi & ϊ, and Nuclear Coactivators (eg. SRC1, GRIPl) and Nuclear Receptors. [0122] While not wishing to be limited by any one particular theory or mode of operation, the constrained helical peptides of the present invention are believed to derive their activity by interaction of the face of the helix opposing the i- i+4 constraint. However, when two or more tandemly arrayed constrained helical peptides are present, as part of an extended helix polypeptide backbone or super helix, the positions i->i+4 of a first constrained helical pentapeptide will be offset by approximately one third of a turn relative to positions i→i+4 of a second constrained helical pentapeptide. In other words, the z→H-4 faces of the two helices will not be aligned directly in the same plane and will be out of register by approximately one third of a turn. Thus, in certain embodiments where an extended helix polypeptide backbone or super helix is required for interaction with a biomolecule of interest, it may be desirable to take this offset into account when designing a helical peptide so that one face of its helix is substantially free of any cyclizing linkages that may occlude or otherwise interfere with this interaction. In illustrative examples, the helical peptide may simply comprise two or three consecutive constrained helical pentapeptides. In other illustrative examples, the helical peptide may comprise two consecutive constrained helical pentapeptides spaced from a third constrained helical pentapeptide by about 1, 2, 5, 8 or 9 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. In still other illustrative examples, the helical peptide may comprise three consecutive constrained helical pentapeptides spaced from a fourth constrained helical pentapeptide by about 0, 3, 4, 6 or 7 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues; or alternatively 1, 2, 5, 6 or 9 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues, depending on which face is required to be kept substantially free of any cyclizing linkages. In still other illustrative examples, the helical peptide may comprise four consecutive constrained helical pentapeptides spaced from a fifth constrained helical pentapeptide by about 1, 2 or 3 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. In still other illustrative examples, the helical peptide may comprise five consecutive constrained helical pentapeptides spaced from a sixth constrained helical pentapeptide by about 2, 7, 12 or 17 natural or unnatural helix-forming amino acid residues. The optimal spacing between cyclic pentapeptide modules is determined on a case-by-case basis and would be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art through simple molecular modeling experiments using commercially available programs (e.g., Insightli) 104 . [0123] In certain embodiments which require mimicking multiple turns of an alpha helical binding domain, the conformationally constrained peptide comprises a plurality (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or more) of pentapeptides as broadly described above. Accordingly, in yet another aspect, the present invention provides the use of a conformationally constrained peptide having a plurality of alpha helical pentapeptide sequences, wherein the pentapeptide sequences comprise a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, as a scaffold for presenting the side chains of at least some of the amino acid residues of the pentapeptide sequences in a (three-dimensional) configuration that is analogous to the configuration of amino acid side chains of at least a portion of an alpha helical domain of a known protein. [0124] As used herein, the term \"scaffold\" is used in its broadest sense and includes a region or domain that has a conserved tertiary structural motif that can be modified to display one or more specific amino acid residues in a fixed conformation. [0125] In some embodiments, the side chains of at least 1 or 2 or all 3 of the intervening amino acid residues of each pentapeptide sequence are so analogously presented. In other embodiments, the side chains of at least 1 or 2 or all 3 of the intervening amino acid residues and at least one terminal amino acid residue of each pentapeptide sequence are so analogously presented. Suitably, at least part of the conformationally constrained secondary structure defined by the pentapeptide sequences mimics a member of a ligand-receptor binding pair. In illustrative examples, some or all of the pentapeptides are located adjacent to each other. Alternatively, at least one of the pentapeptides is spaced from a pair of adjacent pentapeptides. [0126] In certain embodiments, the conformationally constrained peptides pf the invention are designed to mimic epitopes in proteins and are used to selectively raise polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies against such individual epitopes. Since the peptides will frequently be too small to generate an immune response, the peptides can be conjugated to carriers known to be immunogenic in the species to be immunized, e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a bifunctional or derivatising agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SQC1 2 , or R 1 N=C=NR, where R and R 1 are different alkyl groups. [0127] Advantageously, the macrocyclic moiety of the pentapeptide is stable in water to temperatures of up to about 80°C and stable to denaturants such as 8M guanidine hydrochloride, and to the degradative effects of proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin or those present in human serum. The alpha helical short-chain peptides are therefore suitable for use as chemical or biological probes, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology products such as vaccines or diagnostic agents, new components of novel biopolymers and as industrial agents. [0128] The alpha helical pentapeptides of the invention can be used alone to mimic a specific peptide motif of a protein or polypeptide or may be incorporated into a larger polymeric or non polymeric non-peptidic molecules or into hybrids of peptidic and non-peptidic components. [0129] In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a use of at least one alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, as a macrocyclic module for incorporation into a non-peptidic molecular structure, or for constructing a multi-macrocyclic structure that mimics multiple rums of an alpha helix. [0130] Multi-macrocyclic structures may provide new or unknown three dimensional positioning of side chains in an alpha helix or may mimic a portion of, or an entire, alpha helical motif from a known protein or polypeptide. [0131] In a preferred embodiment, the alpha helical cyclic peptide, which is used as the scaffold or macrocyclic module, has the formula (II): ( II ) [0132] wherein each Xaa is independently selected from any amino acid; [0133] each R' and R\" are independently selected from H, C Cι 0 alkyl, C 2 -Cι 0 alkenyl, C 2 - Cio alkynyl, C 3 -Cι 0 cylcoalkyl, C 5 -Cι 0 cycloalkenyl, -OH, -OC,-C 10 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C r Cι 0 alkyl), - N(Cι-Cι 0 alkyl) 2 , C 6 -Cι 0 aryl, C 3 -Cι 0 heterocyclyl, C 5 -C 10 heteroaryl and halo; [0134] L is selected from -NH-C(O)-, -C(O)-NH-, -S-S-, -CH(OH)CH 2 -, CH 2 CH(OH)-, - CH=CH-, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -NH-CH 2 - -CH 2 -NH-, -CH 2 -S-, -S-CH 2 -, -C(O)-CH 2 -, -CH 2 -C(O)-, -S(O) t -NH-, -NH-S(O) t -, CH 2 -P(=O)(OH)- and -P(=O)(OH)-CH 2 -; [0135] R 3 is selected from H, an N-capping group or a mimic of an amino acid side chain, [0136] R- t is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group, a mimic of an amino acid side chain or a group which activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution; [0137] m is an integer from 1 to 4, [0138] n is an integer from 1 to 4, and [0139] t is 0, 1 or 2, [0140] wherein m + n = 4, 5 or 6 and. wherein when m is 2, n is not 3 and when m is 3, n is not 2. [0141] In preferred embodiments, any one of the following may apply: [0142] Ri is selected from H, an N-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a negative charge at the N-terminus to match with the helix dipole, or a mimic of an amino acid side chain. Suitable N- terminal capping groups include acyl and N-succinate. Suitable groups that mimic an amino acid side chain are any natural or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the N-terminal amino group of the peptide through a carbonyl group derived from a carboxylic acid by formation of an amide bond. Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains include, but are not limited to: [0143] CH 3 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, NH 2 (NH=)CNHC(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 NC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(0)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HS(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 NC(O)(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(0)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4- imidazolyl)(CH 2 )C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) 5 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 S(CH 2 ) 3 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 4 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HO(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, HOCH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (3-indolyl)(CH 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4- hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4-hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, C 6 H 10 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, C 5 H 8 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(O)CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HS(CH 2 )C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) 4 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)- and HOCH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)- wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; [0144] R 2 is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a positive charge at the C-terminus to match with the helix dipole, a mimic of an amino acid side chain or a group which activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution. A suitable C- terminal capping group is NH 2 . Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains are any common or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the C-terminal carbonyl group of the peptide through an amine group by formation of an amide bond. Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains include but are not limited to: [0145] -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 NHC(=NH)NH 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 SH, - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4-imidazolyl), - NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 3 ) 3 SCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (3-indolyl), -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4-hydroxyphenyl), -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 (4-hydroxyphenyl), -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 C 6 H 10 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 C 5 H 8 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 SH, -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 OH, -NΗ(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 and -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 OH; wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10. [0146] Suitable groups which activate the C-terminal carboxylic to nucleophilic attack include converting the carboxylic acid to an acid chloride, an acid anhydride, an acyl azide, an O- acylisourea, a phosphonium derivative or an activated ester, especially those known in the art for activating carboxylic acids for peptide bond formation; [0147] Each R' is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , vinyl, OH, OCH 3 , NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , phenyl, F or Cl; most preferably H or CH 3 , especially H; [0148] Each R\" is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 or vinyl, especially H; [0149] m is 1 and n is 3 or 4, m is 2 and n is 4, m is 3 and n is 1 or m is 4 and n is 1 or 2, especially where m is 1 and n is 4; [0150] Each Xaa may be any amino acid residue selected to mimic the amino acid residues in a known alpha helical peptide of interest or to prepare an unknown peptide having new properties. Xaa is preferably a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue. Especially preferred peptides of formula (II) have at least one Xaa which is a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue that is favorable to helix formation. Even more preferred are peptides in which 2 or 3 of Xaa are D- or L- alpha amino acid residues that are favourable to helix formation, for example, alanine, arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cysteine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and aspartic acid, especially alanine, arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid and glutamine; and [0151] L is selected from -NH-C(O)- and -C(O)-NH-. [0152] Scaffolds or macrocyclic modules of formula (II) can be prepared as described for peptides of formula (I). [0153] N-terminal capping groups may and groups which mimic an amino acid side chain may be introduced by methods known in the art. For example the N-terminal amino group may be reacted with a carboxylic acid derivative of the capping group or mimic or an activated carboxylic acid derivative to form an amide bond. [0154] C-terminal capping groups and groups which mimic an amino acid side chain may be introduced by methods known in the art. For example the C-terminal carboxylic acid may be activated and reacted with an amine derivative, preferably a primary amine derivative of the C- terminal capping group or group that mimics an amino acid side chain. [0155] C-terminal carboxylic acid groups or any other carboxylic acid groups that require activation toward nucleophilic substitution can be activated by methods lαiown in the art 95 . For example the carboxylic acid may be activated by conversion to an acyl chloride using PC1 5 or SOCl 2 , conversion to an acyl azide by hydrazinolysis of a protected amino acid or peptide ester followed by treatment with NaNO 2 in aqueous acid, conversion to a symmetrical or mixed anhydride using two equivalents of an amino acid and a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or by reaction with an acid chloride in a dry solvent in the presence of a mild base, conversion to an O-acylisourea by reaction with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or by conversion to an acyloxyphosphonium or uronium species by reacting a carboxylate anion with a phosphonium or uronium cation, for example, BOP, PyBOP or HBTU. [0156] A representative example of an alpha helical pentapeptide as a scaffold for projecting attached substituents into positions normally occupied the side chains of longer peptides than pentapeptides is given by formula (IH): (IH) [0157] The pentapeptide of formula (III) is an example of a peptide of formula (II) in which the three variable amino acid residues that represent Xaa are all alanine, the macrocycle is formed by amide bond formation between a lysine residue and an aspartic acid residue, R 3 is an amide formed from the reaction of phenylbutanoic acid and the N-terminal amino group and mimics a phenylalanine side chain, and » is an amide formed by the reaction of isobutyl amine with an activated C-terminal carboxylic acid and mimics a valine side chain. [0158] The scaffold or macrocyclic module may also be incorporated into a multi- macrocyclic structure or may be incorporated into a non-peptidic molecule. [0159] As used herein, the term \"macrocyclic module\" refers to a cyclic pentapeptide which may be unsubstituted at the N and C termini or may be activated for incorporation into a larger structure. For example, a pentacyclic peptide of formula II in which R 3 is H and t is H or a group which activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution is a macrocyclic module. [0160] Preparation of a non-peptidic molecule incorporating a scaffold or macrocyclic module may be prepared by reacting the N-terminal and/or activated C-terminal of the macrocyclic module with desired non-peptidic moieties. [0161] Alternatively, a number of modules, which may be the same or different, may be prepared as described herein and then consecutively linked to form a multi-macrocyclic peptide that mimics a number of turns of an alpha helix. The multi-macrocyclic peptide may then be used to mimic a protein or polypeptide or part thereof, or may be incorporated into a longer peptide sequence. [0162] Accordingly, in a further aspect of the invention there is provided a conformationally constrained peptide having a plurality of alpha helical pentapeptide sequences, wherein the pentapeptide sequences comprise a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other. [0163] In a preferred embodiment at least one of the alpha helical pentapeptide sequences is a pentapeptide module of formula (II). [0164] The number of macrocyclic modules in the peptide or polypeptide will depend on the length of the alpha helical portion of the polypeptide required. If the peptide is intended to mimic an alpha helical portion of a known protein or polypeptide, the number of macrocyclic modules will be determined by the number of rums in the alpha helical portion of the known protein or polypeptide. For example, two cyclic pentapeptide modules of Formula (II) could be linked such that the N- terminal nitrogen atom is directly bonded to the C-terminal carbonyl group, to form a 2.8-turn alpha helix. In a similar manner, three consecutively linked cyclic pentapeptide modules would form a 4.2- turn alpha helix, four consecutively linked cyclic pentapeptide modules would form a 5.6-turn alpha helix, five consecutively linked cyclic pentapeptide modules would form a 6.9-turn alpha helix, six consecutively linked cyclic pentapeptide modules would form a 8.3-tum alpha helix and larger alpha, helices may be obtained in a similar fashion. In this manner multi-macrocyclic assemblies which are alpha helical in nature can be obtained. [0165] In a preferred embodiment the conformationally constrained peptide having a plurality of alpha helical pentapeptide sequences, is a compound of formula (IV): ( IN ) [0166] wherein each Xaa is independently selected from any amino acid residue; [0167] Ri is selected from H, an N-terminal capping group, a peptide of 1 to 20 amino acid residues optionally capped by an N-terminal capping group, a non-peptidic group or a group that mimics an amino acid side chain; [0168] R 2 is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group, a peptide of 1 to 20 amino acids optionally capped by a C-terminal capping group, a group that mimics an amino acid side chain or a group that activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution; [0169] each R' and R\" are independently selected from H, Cr o alkyl, C 2 -C ]0 alkenyl, C 2 - Cio alkynyl, C 3 -C 10 cylcoalkyl, C 5 -C I0 cycloalkenyl, -OH, -O -do alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(CrC 10 alkyl), - N(Cι-C] 0 alkyl) 2 , C 6 -C I0 aryl, C 3 -C 10 heterocyclyl, C 5 -C] 0 heteroaryl and halo; [0170] L is selected from -NH-C(O)-, -C(O)-NH-, -S-S-, -CH(OH)CH 2 -, CH 2 CH(OH)-, - CH=CH-, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -NH-CH 2 - -CH 2 -NH-, -CH 2 -S-, -S-CH 2 -, -C(O)-CH 2 -, -CH 2 -C(O)-, -S(O) t -NH-, -NH-S(O) r , CH 2 -P(=O)(OH)- and -P(=O)(OH)-CH 2 -; [0171] m is an integer from 1 to 4, [0172] n is an integer from 1 to 4, and [0173] t is 0, 1 or 2, [0174] wherein m + n = 4, 5 or 6 and wherein when m is 2, n is not 3 and when m is 3, n is not 2; and [0175] p is an integer from 2 to 12; with the proviso that bicyclo (Lys 13 - Asp 17 , Lys 18 - Asp 22 ) [Ala 1 , Nlc 8 , Lys 18 , Asp 22 , Leu 27 ] hPTH (1-31) NH 2 is excluded. [0176] In preferred embodiments, any one of the following may apply: [0177] Ri is selected from H, an N-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a negative charge at the N-terminus to match with the helix dipole, a peptide of 1 to 15, 1 to 10 or 1 to 5 amino acid residues optionally capped with an N-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a negative charge at the N-terminus to match with the helix dipole, or a mimic of an amino acid side chain. Suitable N-terminal capping groups include acyl and N-succinate. Suitable groups that mimic an amino acid side chain are any natural or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the N-terminal amino group of the peptide through a carbonyl group derived from a carboxylic acid by formation of an amide bond. Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains include, but are not limited to: [0178] CH 3 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(0)-, NH 2 (NH=)CNHC(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 NC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HS(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 NC(O)(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(O)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4- imidazolyl)(CH 2 )C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) 5 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 S(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, Ph(CH 2 ) 4 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HO(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOCH(CH 3 )CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (3-indolyl)(CH 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4- hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (4-hydroxyphenyl)(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, C 6 H 10 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) U C(O)-, C 5 H 8 CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 C(0)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HOC(O)CH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, HS(CH 2 )C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)-, H 2 N(CH 2 ) 4 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)- and HOCH 2 C(O)(CH 2 ) u C(O)- wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10. The preferred non-peptidic groups enhance the stability, bioavailability or activity of the peptides. Suitable non-peptidic groups include, but are not limited to hydrophobic groups such as carbobenzoxyl, dansyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, groups which stabilize or mimic alpha-helices, groups which mimic the secondary stmcture of peptides, particularly alpha helical peptides, such as those disclosed in WO 03/018587, groups which improve bioavailability, such as hydrophilic groups which aid aqueous solubility, for example, cyclodextrans; groups which are recognized by transport receptors to allow or improve transport of the peptides to the site of activity, for example, transport across cell walls or through an epithelial layer such as skin or the gut wall; [0179] R 2 is selected from H, a C-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a positive charge at the C-termihus to match with the helix dipole, a peptide of 1 to 15, 1 to 10 or 1 to 5 amino acid residues optionally capped with a C-terminal capping group that stabilizes the terminus of a helix, usually having hydrogen atoms able to form hydrogen bonds or having a positive charge at the C-terminus to match with the helix dipole, a mimic of an amino acid side chain or a group which activates the terminal carboxylic acid carbonyl group to nucleophilic substitution. A suitable C-terminal capping group' is NH 2 . Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains are any common or unnatural amino acid side chain that is attached to the C-terminal carbonyl group of the peptide through an amine group by formation of an amide bond. Suitable mimics of amino acid side chains include but are not limited to: [0180] -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 NHC(=NH)NH 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 SH, - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4- imidazolyl), -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 3 ) 3 SCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (3-indolyl), - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 (4-hydroxyphenyl), -NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 3 (4-hydroxyphenyl), - NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 C 6 H 10 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 C 5 H 8 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , - NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 CO 2 H, -NH(CH 2 ) U NHCH 2 SH, - NH(CH 2 ) u NH(CH 2 ) 2 OH, -NH(CH 2 ) U NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 and -NH(CH 2 ) u NHCH 2 OH; wherein u is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10. [0181] Suitable groups which activate the C-terminal carboxylic to nucleophilic attack include converting the carboxylic acid to an acid chloride, an acid anhydride, an acyl azide, an O- acylisourea, a phosphonium derivative or an activated ester, especially those known in the art for activating carboxylic acids for peptide bond formation; [0182] The preferred non-peptidic groups enhance the stability, bioavailability or activity of the peptides. Suitable non-peptidic groups include but are not limited to hydrophobic groups such as t-butyl, groups which stabilize or mimic alpha-helices, groups which mimic the secondary structure of peptides, particularly alpha helical peptides, such as those disclosed in WO 03/018587, groups which improve bioavailability, such as hydrophilic groups which aid aqueous solubility, for example, cyclodextrans; groups which are recognized by transport receptors to allow or improve transport of the peptides to the site of activity, for example, transport across cell walls or through an epithelial layer such as skin or the gut wall; [0183] Each R' is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , vinyl, OH, OCH 3 , NH 2 , NH(CH 3 ), N(CH 3 ) 2 , phenyl, F or Cl; most preferably H or CH 3 , especially H; [0184] Each R\" is selected from H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 or vinyl, especially H; [0185] m is 1 and n is 3 or 4, m is 2 and n is 4, m is 3 and n is 1 or m is 4 and n is 1 or 2, especially where m is 1 and n is 4; [0186] Each Xaa may be any amino acid residue selected to mimic the amino acid residues in a known alpha helical peptide of interest or to prepare an unknown peptide having new properties. Xaa is preferably a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue. Especially preferred peptides of formula (IN) have at least one Xaa which is a D- or L- alpha amino acid residue that is favorable to helix formation. Even more preferred are peptides in which 2 or 3 of Xaa are D- or L- alpha amino acid residues that are favorable to helix formation, for example, alanine, arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, glutamine, cysteine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and aspartic acid, especially alanine, arginine, lysine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid and glutamine; [0187] L is -ΝH-C(O)- or -C(O)-NH-; [0188] Preferably p is selected to provide the appropriate number of turns in the alpha helix. Especially preferred are those peptides where p is 2 to 11, 2 to 10, 2 to 9 or 2 to 8, 2 to 7, 2 to 6, 2 to 5, 2 to 4, 2 to 3, 3 to 10, 3 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6, 3 to 5, especially 2 to 5. [0189] Preferred peptides containing more than one consecutive macrocyclic module include those of formula (V): R [l,5-cyclo(Zaa-XaaXaaXaa-Yaa)] q -R 2 (V) [0190] wherein each l,5-cyclo(Zaa-XaaXaaXaa-Yaa) is independently selected from: [0191] cyclo-l,5-KXaaXaaXaaD . [SEQ ID NO: 32] [0192] cyclo-l,5-DXaaXaaXaaK [SEQ ID NO: 33] [0193] cyclo-l,5-KXaaXaaXaaE [SEQ ID NO: 34] [0194] cyclo-l,5-EXaaXaaXaaK [SEQ ID NO: 35] [0195] cyclo-l,5-OXaaXaaXaaD [SEQ ID NO: 36 ]and [0196] cyclo-l,5-DXaaXaaXaaO [SEQ ID NO: 37] [0197] q is an integer from 2 to 12 and Ri and R 2 are as defined above. [00101] Illustrative examples of l,5-cyclo(Zaa-XaaXaaXaa-Yaa) sequences include: [00102] cyclo-l,5-KARAD [SEQ ID NO: 38] [00103] cyclo-l,5-DARAK [SEQ ID NO: 39] [00104] cyclo-l,5-KARAE [SEQ ID NO: 40] [00105] cyclo-l,5-EARAK [SEQ ID NO: 41] [00106] cyclo-l,5-OARAD [SEQ ID NO: 42] [00107] cyclo-l,5-DARAO [SEQ ID NO: 43] [00108] cyclo-l,5-KAAAD [SEQ ID NO: 44] and [00109] cyclo-l,5-KGSAD [SEQ ID NO: 45]. [00110] In another embodiment, individual macrocyclic modules in the peptide are different. [0198] In yet another embodiment, individual macrocyclic modules in the peptide are the same. [0199] Examples of peptides containing more than one consecutive cyclic pentapeptide module which are very stable alpha helices in water include: [0200] cyclo(l-5, 6-10)-Ac-[KARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 46] and [0201] cyclo(l-5, 6-10, 11-15)-Ac-[KARADKARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 47]. [0202] Peptides comprising more than one macrocyclic module can be prepared by conventional solid phase synthesis as described for single macrocycles above, where cyclization occurs while the peptide is still attached to the solid phase resin by incorporation of amino acid residues with suitably protected side chains such as allyl protected aspartic acid or Alloc protected lysine, deprotection and cyclization. Further amino acid residues may be added to the resin bound macrocycle including other amino acid residues with suitable protected side chains, after the addition of five further amino acids, further cyclization may be effected to provide two consecutively linked macrocycles. This may be continued until the desired number of macrocycles is present and then the peptide can be cleaved from the resin. [0203] Alternatively, a single cyclic macrocyclic module may be prepared using solid phase synthesis as hereinbefore described. The single macrocyclic module may be cleaved from the resin and undergo either N-terminal protection or deprotection or C-terminal protection or deprotection. A macrocycle having N-terminal protection and a macrocycle having C-terminal protection may then be reacted with one another by activating the unprotected carboxylic acid to nucleophilic attack by the unprotected amine nitrogen, to provide a multi-macrocyclic stmcture. Further N-terminal and/or C-terminal protection and deprotection of a single macrocyclic module and a multi-macrocyclic module followed by coupling will allow the preparation of a multi-macrocyclic peptide. [0204] Two macrocyclic modules may be coupled using conventional peptide coupling chemistry. For example, the C-terminal carboxylic acid may be activated by formation of an acid chloride, acid anhydride, an acyl azide, a carbodiimide, an acyloxyphosphonium compound or an active ester, and allowing nucleophilic attack from the N-terminal nitrogen atom. A particularly preferred method of activating the carboxylic acid to nucleophilic attack is preparation of an acyloxyphosphonium derivative of the carboxylic acid, for example, by reaction with the carboxylic acid with BOP, Py-BOP or HBTU in the presence of a tertiary amine such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamme. [0205] A representative synthesis of a multi-macrocyclic peptide where each macrocyclic module is the same is shown in Scheme 2. Scheme 2 [0206] The helically constrained peptides described herein can be synthesized with additional chemical groups present at their amino and/or carboxy termini, such that, for example, the stability, bioavailability, and/or inhibitory activity of the peptides is enhanced. For example, hydrophobic groups such as carbobenzoxyl, dansyl, or t-butyloxycarbonyl groups, may be added to the amino termini. An acetyl group or a 9-fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl group may be placed at the amino termini. A hydrophobic group, t-butyloxycarbonyl, or an amido group may be added to carboxy termini. Furthermore, the peptides of the invention can be synthesized such that their steric configuration is altered. For example, the D-isomer of one or more of the amino acid residues of the peptide can be used, rather than the usual L-isomer. The compounds can contain at least one bond linking adjacent amino acids that is a non-peptide bond, and is preferably not helix breaking. Non- peptide bonds for use in flanking sequences include an imino, ester, hydrazine, semicarbazide, oxime, or azo bond. Still further, at least one of the amino acid residues of the peptides of the invention can be substituted by one of the well known non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, that is preferably not helix breaking. Desirably, the non-natural amino acid or non-amide bond linking adjacent amino acids, when present, is present outside of the internal sequence, and is, preferably, not helix breaking. Still further, at least one of the amino acid residues of the peptides of the invention can be substituted by one of the well known non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. Alterations such as these can serve to increase the stability, bioavailability, immunogenicity, and/or inhibitory action of the peptides of the invention. [0207] A representative example of alpha helical cyclic pentapeptides incorporated in a modular fashion into biologically active sequences is described. The opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL-1) is the most recently identified member of the opioid receptor family 137 . Unlike the other three types of opioid receptor (μ, δ, K), the ORL-1 receptor does not display affinity for the naturally occurring opioid peptide ligands or for many synthetic opiates that selectively bind μ-, δ-, K-receptors 137 . In 1995 the endogenous ligand for the ORL-1 receptor was identified and called nociceptin (NC). Like other opioid receptor peptide ligands nociceptin consists of an N-terminal tetrapeptide which is referred to as the \"message\" sequence and is primarily responsible for triggering stimulation of the receptor, whilst the remaining C-terminal portion is referred to as the \"address\" sequence and is involved in binding and receptor specificity 137 . H 2 N-FGG FTGARKSARKLANQ-COOH \"Message\" SEQ ID NO: 48 [0208] Recent NMR structures of NC and related peptides revealed a highly helical structure in the address domain and suggested amphipathicity 98\"139 . Another recent report successfully substituted Aib residues into the NC address sequence resulting in increased potency and affinity in 13-residue peptide sequences. Sfructure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest the minimal sequence is NC 1-13. An alanine scan showed the first five residues (FGGFT) are critical, whilst G6 and A7 appear to tolerate substitution, R8 is highly crucial, whilst the remaining residues are necessary but tolerate alanine substitution 138 . Another recent report identified a pure, selective peptide antagonist of the ORL-1 receptor which involved replacing the first residue in the native sequence with Nphe 137 . [0209] Since the present invention establishes a general method for constraining short peptides into alpha helical conformations, nociceptin is an ideal target to show that constraining biologically important helices into an alpha helical conformation can improve activity and affinity. Thus the peptides of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51 were designed using the available SAR. The peptide of SEQ ID NO: 49 is designed to be a nociceptin mimetic for agonism, whilst the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 50 is based on the recently reported antagonist [Nphel]NC (1-15). The peptide of SEQ ID NO: 51 consists of just the address sequence and the inventors consider that if this peptide has sufficiently high affinity for the receptor it may function as an antagonist. There are no studies to date on peptides incorporating only the address sequence. FGFT[1 ,4-cyclo(KARKD)][1 ,4-cyclo(KRKLD)]-NH 2 SEQ ID NO: 49 PhCH 2 -GGGFT[1 ,4-cyclo(KARKD)][1 ,4-cyclo(KRKLD)]-NH 2 SEQ ID NO: 50 Ac-T-[1 ,4-cyclo(KARKD)][1 ,4-cyclo(KRKLD)]-NH 2 SEQ ID NO: 51 [0210] The reaction scheme for the synthesis of the Nociceptin mimetics of SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 51 is shown in Scheme 3. The 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl protecting group is used during synthesis of multi-macrocyclic compounds, however this group is removed during deprotection and cleavage of the peptides from the resin. 1. SPPS 2. Cleavage SEQ ID NOs: 49-51 Scheme 3 [0211] The present invention also provides compositions which comprise one or more compounds of the invention. The compounds themselves may be present in the compositions in any of a wide variety of forms. For example, two or more compounds may be merely mixed together or may be more closely associated through complexation, crystallization, or ionic or covalent bonding. [0212] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that a wide variety of prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic treatments may be prepared from the compounds and compositions of the present invention, due in large part to the cross-reactivity - i.e., agonism or antagonism - of the macrocyclic moieties of the compounds with one or more naturally-occurring peptides or polypeptides. Thus, a compound of the present invention finds utility as a molecular mimic or antagonist of a member of a ligand-receptor binding pair that underlies or is otherwise associated with the development of a particular disease or condition, wherein the ligand-receptor interaction is mediated at least in part by one or more alpha helical motifs present in the ligand or the receptor. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a compound of the present invention having one or more macrocyclic moieties that antagonize the interaction of a ligand and a receptor will be useful in the prevention or treatment of a disease or condition that results from inappropriate activation of the receptor by the ligand. In other embodiments, a disease or condition may arise through inadequate activation of a receptor, in which case the disease or condition may be treated or prevented by means of a compound having one or more macrocyclic moieties that mimic the binding determinants of the ligand or the receptor. Illustrative diseases or conditions mediated by alpha-helix associated ligand- receptor interactions include diseases or conditions related to DNA transcription, diseases related to RNA reverse transcription, diseases or disorders related to transcriptional antitermination, diseases related to apoptosis regulation and tumor suppression, for example, cancers such as brain tumors, breast cancer, lung cancer, bone cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, renal cancer, liver cancer, lymphoma and leukemia; diseases or disorders related to calcium homeostasis, diseases or disorders related to pain transmission, diseases or disorders associated with lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis, diseases and disorders related to stress response, or to anxiety, appetite, alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal or epilepsy. [0213] Thus, a further aspect of the invention contemplates a method for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with a ligand-receptor interaction that is mediated at least in part by an alpha helical domain present in the ligand or the receptor, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound comprising at least one alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein each peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other and wherein the side chains of at least some of the amino acid residues of the or each peptide are in a (three- dimensional) configuration that is analogous to the configuration of amino acid side chains of at least a portion of the alpha helical domain of the ligand or the receptor. Preferably the compound is a compound of any one of formula (I), (IT) or (IV). [0214] As used herein, the term \"effective amount\" relates to an amount of compound which, when administered according to a desired dosing regimen, provides the desired mediation of the disease or disorder, therapeutic activity or disease prevention. Dosing may occur at intervals of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years or continuously over any one of these periods. A therapeutic, or treatment effective amount is an amount of the compound which, when administered according to a desired dosing regimen, is sufficient to at least partially attain the desired therapeutic effect, or delay the onset of, or inhibit the progression of or halt or partially or fully reverse the onset or progression of the disease or disorder. A prevention effective amount of compound which when administered to the desired dosing regimen is sufficient to at least partially prevent or delay the onset of a particular disease or condition. [0215] Yet another aspect of the invention provides a use of a compound comprising an alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder mediated by the interaction of alpha helical peptides with biomolecules. [0216] Suitable dosages may lie within the range of about 0- 1 ng per kg of body weight to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage. The dosage is preferably in the range of 1 μg to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage, such as is in the range of 1 mg to 1 g per kg of body weight per dosage. In one embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 mg to 500 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 mg to 250 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In yet another preferred embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 mg to 100 mg per kg of body weight per dosage, such as up to 50 mg per kg of body weight per dosage. In yet another embodiment, the dosage is in the range of 1 μg to lmg per kg of body weight per dosage. [0217] Suitable dosage amounts and dosing regimens can be determined by the attending physician and may depend on the severity of the condition as well as the general age, health and weight of the subject. [0218] The active ingredient may be administered in a single dose or a series of doses. While it is possible for the active ingredient to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a composition, preferably as a pharmaceutical composition. [0219] According to a further aspect, the invention contemplates a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound comprising an alpha helical cyclic peptide, wherein the peptide comprises a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, or a conformationally constrained peptide having a plurality of alpha helical pentapeptide sequences, wherein the pentapeptide sequences comprise a sequence of five amino acid residues having a first terminal residue and a second terminal residue that are separated by an intervening sequence of three amino acid residues, and wherein the side-chains of the first and second terminal residues are linked to each other, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. [0220] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, salts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, malic, citric, lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic, methanesulphonic, toluenesulphonic, benzenesulphonic, salicylic, sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids. [0221] Base salts include, but are not limited to, those formed with pharmaceutically acceptable cations, such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, ammonium, alkylammonium such as salts formed from triethylamine, alkoxyammonium such as those formed with ethanolamine and salts foπned from ethylenediamine, choline or amino acids such as arginine, lysine or histidine. [0222] Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternised with such agents as lower alkyl halide, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl and diethyl sulfate; and others. [0223] The formulation of such compositions is well known to those skilled in the art. The composition may contain pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as carriers, diluents or excipients. These include, where appropriate, all conventional solvents, dispersion agents, fillers, solid carriers, coating agents, antifungal and antibacterial agents, dermal penetration agents, surfactants, isotonic and absorption agents and the like. It will be understood that the compositions of the invention may also include other supplementary physiologically active agents. [0224] The carrier must be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not injurious to the subject. Compositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, inhalational, nasal, transdermal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraspinal, intravenous and intradermal) administration. The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product. [0225] Depending on the disease or condition to be treated, it may or may not be desirable for a compound of Formula (I) or (IV) to cross the blood/brain barrier. Thus the compositions for use in the present invention may be formulated to be water or lipid soluble. [0226] Compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non- aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. [0227] A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder (eg inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (eg. sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose)) surface-active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach. [0228] Compositions suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanfh gum; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia gum; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier. [0229] The compounds of Formula (I) or (IV) may also be administered intranasally or via inhalation, for example by atomizer, aerosol or nebulizer means. [0230] Compositions suitable for topical administration to the skin may comprise the compounds dissolved or suspended in any suitable carrier or base and may be in the form of lotions, gel, creams, pastes, ointments and the like. Suitable carriers include mineral oil, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, emulsifying wax, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. Transdermal devices, such as patches, may also be used to administer the compounds of the invention. [0231] Compositions for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable carrier base comprising, for example, cocoa butter, gelatin, glycerin or polyethylene glycol. [0232] Compositions suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate. [0233] Compositions suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non- aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bactericides and solutes which render the composition isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. [0234] Preferred unit dosage compositions are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, as herein above described, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient. [0235] It should be understood that in addition to the active ingredients particularly mentioned above, the compositions of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of composition in question, for example, those suitable for oral administration may include such further agents as binders, sweeteners, thickeners, flavoring agents, disintegrating agents, coating agents, preservatives, lubricants and/or time delay agents. Suitable sweeteners include sucrose, lactose, glucose, aspartame or saccharine. Suitable disintegrating agents include com starch, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, xanthan gum, bentonite, alginic acid or agar. Suitable flavoring agents include peppermint oil, oil of wintergreen, cherry, orange or raspberry flavoring. Suitable coating agents include polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid and/or their esters, waxes, fatty alcohols, zein, shellac or gluten. Suitable preservatives include sodium benzoate, vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, methyl paraben, propyl paraben or sodium bisulphite. Suitable lubricants include magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium oleate, sodium chloride or talc. Suitable time delay agents include glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0236] Figure 1 depicts: left, CD spectra of cyclic pentapeptides SEQ ID NOs: 10 (pink), 11 (blue), 8 (black), 9 (red), 12 (light blue), 13 (purple), 18 (red), 19 (yellow) in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 25° C) and; right, schematic demonstrating the positions of the three hydrogen bonds (dotted lines) important for stabilization of the pentapeptide helix. [0237] . Figure 2 depicts CD spectra of compounds SEQ ID NOS: 23 (black), 24 (grey), 25 (red), 26 (blue), 27 (yellow), 28 (purple), 29 (green), 30 (light blue), 31 (orange) in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 25° C) demonstrating the variation of helicity by varying the residues within the lactam cycle. [0238] Figure 3 depicts: left, a ROE Summary Diagram (left) and 20 lowest energy calculated structures for Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAAAD]-NH 2 (23) in 90% H 2 O : 10% D 2 O at 20° C. Thickness of bars reflects intensity of ROEs; right, lactam bridge in purple [0239] Figure 4 depicts CD spectra of 8 in lOmM phosphate buffer (black) (pH 7.4, 25° C) and 50% TFE (red). [0240] Figure 5 is a graphical representation showing the variation in molar elipticity of 8 at 215nm with increasing [guanidine.HCl] at 25° G. [0241] Figure 6 depicts a CD spectrum comparing the helicity of SEQ ID NOs: 46 and 47 with their acyclic linear analogues SEQ ID NOs: 54 and 55. [0242] Figure 7 depicts the sequential and medium ROEs, temperature coefficients, and coupling constants for SEQ ID NO: 46 in 90% H 2 0: 10% D 2 O. [0243] Figure 8 depicts (a) Helical wheel for dimer SEQ ID NO: 46, cyclo(l-5,6-10)-Ac- showing side chain distribution; (b) side view of SEQ H) NO: 46 with helical backbone (yellow), bridging lactam restraints (white), exposed side chains (green spheres); and (c) SEQ ID NO: 46 viewed end on. [0244] Figure 9 depicts CD spectra in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 25° C for 32- 44 mM solutions of (a) SEQ ID NO: 46 (-), SEQ ID NO: 47 ( ) and acyclic analogues SEQ ID NO: 54 ( — ) and SEQ ID NO: 55 (- - -); (b) SEQ ID NO: 46 (-) versus SEQ ID NO: 47 (- - -), SEQ ID NO: 54 ( — ) and SEQ ID NO: 55 ( ) in 50% TFE. [0245] Figure 10 is a illustration of the crystal structure of Bad (grey) bound to Bcl-x L protein, NMR structures of monocycle(purple) and bicycle (green) overlay closely with the Bad helix and can display the side chains required for binding in the correct position. (PDBID: lg5j) [0246] Figure 11 is an illustration of the crystal structure of p53 (grey) bound to MDM2 oncoprotein (PDBID: lycq), with monocycle (Ac-R[KAAAD]-NH 2 [SEQID NO: 23]) overiayed showing it can position the binding residues in the required position [0247] Figure 12 depicts CD spectra of constrained nociceptin mimetics SEQ ID NOs: 79 and 77, known peptidic agonist (FGGFTGARKSARK-NH 2 ; Kj:0.3nM), and linear address sequence (AcTGARKSARK-NH 2 ). [0248] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications which fall within the spirit and scope. The invention also includes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features. [0249] The invention will now be described with reference to the following examples which are included for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the generality of the invention hereinbefore described. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS (PENTAPEPTIDES AND HEXAPEPTIDES) [0250] Peptides represented by SEQ ID NO. 8 to SEQ ID NO: 31 were prepared on 0.25mmol scale by manual stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis using HCTU/DffEA activation for Fmoc chemistry on Rink Amide MBHA resin (substitution O δmmol.g \"1 ), or Tentagel S RAM resin (substitution 0.25-nmol.g '1 ), or Trityl chloride resin (substitution 1.0 mmol.g \"1 ). Four equivalents of amino acid and eight equivalents of diisopropylethylamme (DIPEA) were employed in each coupling step (45mins), except for Fmoc-Asp(OAUyl)-OH and Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)-OH where only 2 equivalents were used. Fmoc deprotections were achieved with 3 x 5 min treatments with excess 1 : 1 piperidine:DMF. Coupling yields were monitored by quantitative ninhydrin assay 51 and double couplings were employed for yields below 99.6%. After the assembly was complete, the allyl ester of aspartic acid and allyl carbamate of lysine were removed by treating the peptide resin with Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (0.1 eq) and N.N-dimethylbarbituric acid (4eq), in DCM, under argon and in the dark for 2hrs, this procedure was repeated once. After which the peptide was washed with DCM, DMF and 0.5% diethyldithiocarbamate in DMF. 2mg of resin was subjected to cleavage and the progress of the reaction monitored by MS. This process was repeated if necessary. [0251] Cyclization was effected on-resin using 1.5 eq BOP, 2eq DIPEA in DMSO/NMP (1 :4). The reaction was monitored by cleavage of ~2mg resin and subjecting the residue to MS, total reaction time was <24 hours. The peptides were simultaneously deprotected and cleaved from the resin by 2hr treatment of the washed and dried resin in 95% TFA, 2.5% TIPS, 2.5% H 2 O, or 1% TFA in DCM (15μl per lOmg resin). The solution was then filtered, the filtrate concentrated in vacuo and the peptide precipitated with cold diethyl ether. The peptide precipitate was filtered washed With copious amounts of diethyl ether, redissolved in 1:1 acetonitrile/water and lyophilised. The crude peptides were purified by rp-HPLC (R :Vydac C18 column, 30θA. 22 x 250mm, 214nm, Solvent A = 0.1% TFA in H 2 O, Solvent B = 0.1% TFA, 10% H 2 O in Acetonitrile. Gradient: 0%B to 100%B over 30 mins. Ra.Fhenoπienex C18 column, 30θA. 22 x 250mm, 214nm, Solvent A = 0.1% TFA in H 2 O, . Solvent B = 0.1% TFA, 10% H 2 O in Acetonitrile. Gradient: 0%B to 100%B over 30 mins.). ! H NMR was carried out in H 2 O:D 2 O (9:1) at 298K. EXAMPLE 2 CYCLIC PENTAPEPTIDES WITH NON-PEPTIDIC CAPPING GROUPS [0252] Synthesis of the peptide of formula (H) was achieved by standard Fmoc SPPS protocols using trityl chloride polystyrene resin. The peptide was capped with phenyl butanoic acid, cleaved from the resin using 1% TFA in dichloromethane (DCM) leaving side chain protecting groups intact. Isobutylamine was then coupled on using BOP, DIPEA, with CuCl 2 - an additive known to minimize racemisation of the C-terminal residue. Following this final deprotection was effected with 95% TFA, 2.5% TIP S, 2.5% H 2 O. EXAMPLE 3 N-TERMINAL CYCLIC PENTAPEPTIDE BUILDING BLOCK [0253] NH 2 -(cyclo-l-5)-KARAD-NH 2 (SEQ ID NO. 52) was prepared by manual stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis using HBTU/DIPEA activation for Fmoc chemistry 107 on Rink Amide MBHA resin (substitution 0.78-nmol.g \"1 , 1.56mmol, 2000mg). Four equivalents of amino acid and eight equivalents of diisopropylethylamme (DIPEA) were employed in each coupling step (45mins), except for Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)-OH and Boc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH where only 2 equivalents were used. Fmoc deprotections were achieved with 3x5min treatments with excess 1:1 piperidine:DMF. Coupling yields were monitored by quantitative ninhydrin assay 108 and double couplings were employed for yields below 99.6%. After the assembly was complete, the allyl ester o aspartic acid was removed by treating the peptide resin with Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (0.05eq) and diethylamine (5eq) in DCM, under argon and in the dark for 2hrs. After which the peptide was washed with DCM, DMF and 0.5% diethyldithiocarbamate in DMF. 2mg of resin was subjected to cleavage and the progress of the reaction monitored by Mass spectrometry (MS). This process was repeated if necessary. Following Allyl ester deprotection the N(ζ)-Fmoc group was removed by treatment with piperidine (1 : 1 in DMF). Cyclization was effected on-resin using 1.5 eq BOP, 2eq DIPEA in DMF/Benzene (2:1). The reaction was monitored by cleaving ~2mg resin and subjecting the residue to MS, total reaction time was approximately 48-72 hours. The peptides were simultaneously deprotected and cleaved from the resin by 2hr treatment of the washed and dried resin in 95% TFA, 2.5% TIPS, 2.5% H 2 O (15μl per lOmg resin). The solution was then filtered, the filtrate concentrated in vacuo and the peptide precipitated with cold diethyl ether. The peptide precipitate was filtered washed with copious amounts of diethyl ether, redissolved in 1:1 acetonitrile/water and lyophilised. The crude peptides were purified by rp-HPLC (Vydac C18 column, 30θA. 22 x 250mm, 214nm, Solvent A = 0.1% TFA in H 2 O, Solvent B = 0.1% TFA, 10% H 2 O in Acetonitrile. Gradient: 0%B to 100%B over 30 mins. Yield 30% (isolated). [R t =12.82min]. MS: [M+H + ] (calc.) = calc. 541.31 (expt.)=541.39. EXAMPLE 4 C-TERMINAL CYCLIC PENTAPEPTIDE BUILDING BLOCK [0254] Boc-(cyclo-l-5)-KAR(Pbf)AD-OH (SEQ ID NO. 53) was synthesized in an analogous manner to peptide (SEQ ID NO: 52 above), however using trityl chloride resin (O^Smmol.g \"1 , 1.28g, l.lδmmol). Cleavage was achieved using 50mL 10% acetic acid, 20%' 2,2,2- trifluoroethanol, 70% DCM for 2hrs. After lyophilization the crude peptide was deemed pure enough by analytical HPLC and used without further purification. Yield 50%. MS: [M+H + ] (calc) = 893.43 (expt.) = 893.67]. EXAMPLE 5 SYNTHESIS OF cyclo(l-5, 6-10)-Ac-[KARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 46] [0255] To DIPEA (135 μL, 0.38 mmol) was added to a solution of Boc-cyclo(l-5)- KAR(Pbf)AD-OH [SEQ ID NO: 53] (154 mg, 0.17 mmol), NH 2 -cyclo(l-5)-KARAD-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 52] (102 mg, 0.19 mmol, and BOP (80 mg, O.lδmmol) in DMF (5 mL). After stirring (2 h, RT), solvent was evaporated in vacuo, the residue dissolved in H 2 O/MeCN (1:1), lyophihzed and purified (rpHPLC). The product was treated with TFA/TIPS 19: 1 (1 h, 20° C), evaporated, and reacted (2 h, 20° C) with AcOH (15 μL, 0.26 mmol), 0.5M HBTU (500 μL 0.25 mmol) and DIPEA (90 μL, 0.52 mmol). Solvent was removed in vacuo, H 2 0/MeCN (1:1) added, lyophihzed and purified (rpHPLC) to yield cyclo(l-5,6-10)-Ac-[KARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 46] (19.1mg, 10% isolated). MS [M+H + ] (calc.) 1106.6 (expt.) 1106.97, [M+2H]/2 (calc.) = 554.3 (expt.) = 554.04. Anal. rpHPLC: 14.8 min. (Gradient 0%-100% acetonitrile over 30 min). EXAMPLE 6 SYNTHESIS OF cyclo(l-5, 6-10, ll-15)-Ac-[KARADKARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 45] [0256] DIPEA (135μL, 0.38 mmol) was added to a solution of Boc-(cyclo 1-5)- KAR(Pbf)AD-OH [SEQ ID NO: 53] (66mg, 0.077mmol), NH 2 -(cyclol-5)-KARAD-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 52] (42mg, 0.074 mmol, and BOP (52mg, 0.154 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). After stirring (2 h, RT), solvent was evaporated in vacuo, the residue dissolved in H 2 O/MeCN (1:1), lyophihzed and purified (rpHPLC). The product (34 mg, 0.024mmol) was treated with TFA/TIPS 19:1 (1 h, 20°C), evaporated, and reacted (2 h, RT) with peptide Boc-(cyclol-5)-KAR(Pbf)AD-OH ([SEQ ID NO: 53] (20 mg, 0.024 mmol), BOP (15 mg, 0.034 mmol), and lastly DIPEA (50 μL, 0.24 mmol). The solvent was evaporated in vacuo, the residue dissolved in H 2 O/MeCN (1:1), lyophihzed and purified (rpHPLC). The product was once again treated with TFA/TIPS 19: 1 (lh, 20°C), evaporated, and reacted with AcOH (2 μL, 0.0132 mmol), BOP 7mg, 0.016mmol) and DIPEA (19 μL, 0.138 mmol) for 2 hrs at RT. The solvent was removed in vacuo, H 2 O/MeCN (1:1) added, lyophihzed and purified (rpHPLC) to yield cyclo(l-5, 6-10, ll-15)-Ac-[KARADKARADKARAD]-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 47] (7.8mg, 5.5%(isolated). MS [M+2H + ]/2 (calc.) = 815.44 (expt.) = 815.55. [M+3H]/3 (calc.) = 543.97 (expt.) = 544.03. Anal. rpHPLC: 15.09 min. EXAMPLE 7 NON-CYCLIC ANALOGUES [0257] Linear Peptides Ac(KARAD)„-NH 2 where n=2 (SEQ ID NO: 54) and n=3 (SEQ ID NO: 55) were prepared by manual stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis using HBTU/DIPEA activation for Fmoc chemistry 107 on Rink Amide MBHA resin (substitution 0.78 mmol.g \"1 , 0.5 mmol, 648 mg). Four equivalents of amino acid and eight equivalents of diisopropylethylamme (DIPEA) were employed in each coupling step (45 min). Fmoc deprotections were achieved with 3x5min treatments with excess 1:1 piperidine:DMF. Coupling yields were monitored by quantitative ninhydrm assay 108 and double couplings were employed for yields below 99.6%. After assembly of the first 10 residues, the peptide resin was washed, dried and split into two portions, one portion was acetylated, whilst to the other was added the final 5 residues. N-terminal acetylation was achieved by treating the fully protected peptide with 4 equivalents of glacial acetic acid, 4 equivalents of HBTU, and 8 equivalents of DIPEA. The peptides were simultaneously deprotected and cleaved from the resin by 2-hr treatment of the washed and dried resin in 95% TFA, 2.5% TIPS, 2.5% H 2 O (15 μL per 10 mg resin). The solution was then filtered, the filtrate concentrated in vacuo and the peptide precipitated with cold diethyl ether. The peptide precipitate was filtered washed with copious amounts of diethyl ether, redissolved in 1 : 1 acetonitrile/water and lyophihzed. The cmde peptides were purified by rpHPLC (Vydac C18 column, 30θA. 22 x 250mm, 214nm, Solvent A = 0.1% TFA in H 2 O, Solvent B = 0.1% TFA, 10% H 2 O in Acetonitrile. Gradient: 0%B to 100%B over 30 mins. (SEQ ID NO: 54) Yield 20% (isolated). [R t =12.65min]. MS: [M+H + ] (calc.) = 1142.63 (expt.) = 1142.75; [M+2H + ]/2 (calc.) 571.85 (expt.) =571.86. (SEQ ID NO: 55) Yield 30% (isolated) [R t =13.16min]. MS: [M+2H + ]/2 (calc.) = 842.46 (expt.) = 842.64; [M+3^/3 (calc.) 561.98 (expt.) = 562.08. EXAMPLE 8 [0258] Synthesis of SEQ ID NOs: 77 to 80 was carried on Tentagel-S-RAM resin (0.25mmol scale) by manual stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis using HCTU/DIPEA activation Tentagel-S-RAM resin using standard Fmoc SPPS (scheme ), Four equivalents of amino acid and eight equivalents of diisopropylethylamme (DIPEA) were employed in each coupling step (45mins), except for Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)-OH and Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)-QH where only 2 equivalents were used. Fmoc deprotections were achieved with 3 5 min treatments with excess 1 : 1 piperidine:DMF. Coupling yields were monitored by quantitative ninhydrin assay and double couplings were employed for yields below 99.6%. After the assembly was complete, the allyl ester of aspartic acid and allyl carbamate of lysine were removed by treating the peptide resin with Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (0.1 eq) and N.N- dimethylbarbituric acid (4eq), in DCM, under argon and in the dark for 2hrs, this procedure was repeated once. After which the peptide was washed with DCM, DMF and 0.5% diethyldithiocarbamate in DMF. 2mg of resin was subjected to cleavage and the progress of the reaction monitored by MS. This process was repeated if necessary. [0259] Cyclization was effected on-resin using 1.5 eq BOP, 2eq DIPEA in DMSO/NMP (1 :4). The reaction was monitored by cleavage of ~2 mg resin and subjecting the residue to MS, total reaction time was <24. After subsequent piperidine deprotection, the resin was shaken with 2- hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde in dimethyformamide/ trimethylorthoformate (1:1) for lOhr, the resin was then drained and NaBH(OAc) 3 (10 eq) in dimethyformamide/ trimethylorthoformate (1:1). The ninhydrin test indicated that the 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl had successfully (>99.4%) been introduced onto N of lysine. The resin was then acylated overnight with the symmetrical anhydride of Fmoc-Asp(OAll)-OH (generated by stirring 6eq Fmoc-Asp(OAll)-OH, and 3eq Diisopropylcarbodimide in DCM for 30mins). Cleavage of a small amount of resin and analysis by MS indicated complete N acylation after 24hrs. The remaining residues were introduced using the standard HCTU/DIPEA activation, and allyl deprotection and macrolactamization was achieved as previously described. After attachment of the final 5 residues the peptide resin was deprotected, washed and dried. Final cleavage of the peptides was achieved with 92.5% TFA, 2.5% TIPS, 2.5% EDT, 2.5%) H 2 0. The solution was then filtered, the filtrate concentrated in vacuo and the peptide precipitated with cold diethyl ether. The peptide precipitate was filtered washed with copious amounts of diethyl ether, redissolved in 1:1 acetonitrile/water and lyophilised. The cmde peptides were purified by rp-HPLC (R tl :Vydac C18 column, 30θA. 22 x 250mm, 214nm, Solvent A = 0.1% TFA in H 2 0, Solvent B = 0.1% TFA, 10% H 2 0 in Acetonitrile. Gradient: 0%B to 100%B over 30 mins. R^Phenomenex C18 column, 30θA. 22 x 250mm, 214nm, Solvent A = 0.1% TFA in H 2 0, Solvent B = 0.1% TFA, 10% H 2 0 in Acetonitrile. Gradient: 0%B to 100%B over 30 mins.). EXAMPLE 9 CD AND NMR STUDIES ON CYCLIC PENTA AND HEXAPEPTIDES [0260] Circular Dichroism (CD) was performed on peptides having SEQ ID NOs: 8 to 14 and 18 to 31, using methods described above. The molar elipticities at 222 nm, 208 nm and 190 nm, ratios of elipticities at 222 nm/208 nm and relative helicity are shown in Tables 6 and 7. CD spectra of these peptides are given in Figure 1. TABLE 6 CD spectra on peptides having one cyclic pentapeptide module - effects of varying the bridge partner and the termini Molar elipticities (fθj deg.cm 2 .dmol' .residue '1 ) at λ = 215, 207 and 190 nm, ratios of elipticities at 215/207nm, and percentage helicity for peptides in lOmM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 25° C). Peptide [θ] 215 [θ] 207 [Θ]i90 θ 2 ι 5 /θ 20 7 Relative helicity 0 Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[KARAE]-NH 2 -1068 -3393 -10611 0.31 0.08 [SEQ ID NO: 10] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[EARAK]-NH 2 -7430 -12803 20735 0.58 0.58 [SEQ ID NO: 11] Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAD]-NH 2 -12757 -12211 38300 1.04 1.00 [SEQ ID NO: 8] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[DARAK]-NH 2 -7723 -10705 15600 0.72 0.60 [SEQ ID NO: 9] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[OARAD]-NH 2 92 -2077 -4613 -0.04 [SEQ ID NO: 12] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[DARAO]-NH 2 -4671 -9748 -6954 0.48 0.37 [SEQ ID NO: 13] Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[OARAE]-NH 2 741 -3368 -16228 -0.22 0 [SEQ ID NO: 18] Ac-(cyclo-l,5)-[EARAO]-NH 2 2442 -1917 -11256 -1.27 0 [SEQ ID NO: 19] Ac-KARAD-NH 2 -524 -5555 -7372 0.09 0.04 [SEQ ID NO: ZZ14] Ac-(cyclo-l ,5)-[KARAD]-OH 207 -5643 -13953 -0.04 0 [SEQ ID NO: 20] a -625 -3195 -2659 0.20 0.06 H-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAD]-NH 2 -812 -2228 1355 0.36 0.06 [SEQ ID NO: 21] b -2590 -3327 8452 0.78 0.2 H-(cyclo-l,5)-[KARAD]-OH -1033 -5737 -4966 0.18 0.08 [SEQ ID NO: 22] a In 0.01M HC1 pH 2. b l 0.001M NaOH pH 10. c [θ] 215 (8)/ [θ] 215 (x) refer to \"Quantitation of helicity\". [0261] Of interest, the CD spectrum for SEQ ID NO: 8 shows a slight shift in its minima to lower wavelengths compared with longer alpha helical peptides (222 nm - 215 nm, 208 nm -* 207 nm), as has been observed before in short fixed nucleus alanine helices 116 . Given that these are the first CD spectra of very short isolated alpha helices, it is not surprising that their CD spectra differ from those of much longer helices. Theoretical studies 117 ' 118 into the chiroptic properties of the alpha helix have predicted that short alpha helices should have different CD spectra from longer alpha helices. The negative minimum at 215nm is consistent with the long wavelength n→π* transition commonly observed for alpha helices and beta sheets in the 215-230 nm wavelength range. 119 The observed positive maximum at 190nm and negative minimum at 207nm characterize the stmcture as alpha helix rather than beta sheet, as these bands can only arise from exciton splitting of the NVi transition by the interaction of electric dipole transition moments among amides in the well defined geometry of the alpha helix. The relative intensities of these peaks for SEQ ID NO 8 mirror those observed for other alpha helices, therefore we have quoted the intensities at 190 nm, 207 nm and 215 nm in Table 6. Helix Dependence On Sequence [0262] Certain residues are known to favor or disfavor alpha helicity, therefore the residues in this system were altered in an attempt to gain insight into the helicity for these cycles. Initial solubility issues with hydrophobic pentapeptides prompted us to incorporate an additional arginine at the N-terminus. Nine K(z ' ) —>D(i+4) side-chain cyclised hexapeptides were synthesized with the three residues intervening the bridge systematically replaced by alpha helix inducing (alanine, leucine, methionine, glutamine), alpha helix indifferent (phenylalanine, serine), or alpha helix breaking (glycine) residues (Table 7). TABLE 7 Molar elipticities ([θ] deg.cm 2 . dmol '1 . residue '1 ) at λ-215, 207 and 190 nm, ratios of elipticities at 215/207nm, and percentage helicity for cyclic peptides 23-31 in lOmM phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 25°C. Peptide [θ] 215 [θ] 207 [θ] 190 Θ 2I5 /Θ 2 Relative 07 Helicity 3 Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAAAD]-NH 2 -13537 -13684 39352 0.99 0.91 [SEQ ID NO: 23] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KALAD]-NH 2 -14798 -15165 46621 0.98 1.00 [SEQ ID NO: 24] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAMAD]-NH 2 -11853 -12296 38464 0.96 0.80 [SEQ ID NO: 25] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAQAD]-NH 2 -11394 -12279 36865 0.93 0.84 [SEQ ID NO: 26] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAFAD]-NH 2 -8644 -9087 27718 0.95 0.76 [SEQ ID NO: 27] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KAGAD]-NH 2 -4874 -7678 10036 0.63 0.32 [SEQ ID NO: 28] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KGSAD]-NH 2 -4810 -6975 12831 0.69 0.32 [SEQ ID NO: 29] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KSSSD]-NH 2 -4432 -8017 6827 0.55 0.30 [SEQ ID NO: 30] Ac-(cyclo-2,6)-R[KGGGD]-NH 2 -2131 -4868 -1593 0.44 0.14 [SEQIDNO: 31] a θ 215 [SEQ ID NO: 24] / θ 215 (x) refer to \"Quantitation of helicity\" section below. [0263] Figure 2 shows that helicity is dependent on which residues intervene between the bridging residues. The helical structure is tolerant of substitution by alpha helix inducing residues like Ala ([SEQ ID NO: 23], Leu [SEQ ID NO: 24], Met [SEQ ID NO: 25], Gin [SEQ ID NO: 26] and Phe [SEQ ID NO: 27], as demonstrated by the deep minima at 215/207nm, high maximum at 190nm, and high ratio θ 2 ι 5 /θ 2 o 7 . There is some variation in the intensity at these wavelengths which closely mirrors the intrinsic alpha helical propensity of specific amino acids determined in protein environments 35 . The system can be perturbed by replacing the central residue with glycine [SEQ ID NO: 28], which results in a decrease in intensity at 215 nm, 207 nm and 190 nm, along with the appearance of a deeper minimum at 201nm that is commonly observed for 3ι 0 -helicity/random coil structures. This reduction in alpha helicity also results from placement of two [SEQ ID NO: 29] or three [SEQ ID NO: 30] helix disfavoring residues between the bridging residues, although based on the shape of their CD spectra there is some bias towards a helical conformation. Not surprisingly, where three alpha helix breaking residues are present [SEQ ID NO: 31], total abolition of helicity was indicated by the single deep minimum at 200 nm characteristic of a random coil. NMR Evidence For alpha Helicity [0264] Structural characterization was conducted for SEQ ID NO. 8 and SEQ ID NO 23 using ID and 2D 1H-NMR spectroscopy in 90% H 2 0 : 10% D 2 0 at 288 K (pH 4.0). 2D-TOCSY spectra at 600 MHz were used to identify resonances for each amino acid. Due to the molecular weight of the macrocycle, ROESY instead of NOES Y spectra had to be used to identify sequential connectivity and infra-residue NH-NH and NH-CH cross peaks Spectral overlap in SEQ ID NO. 8 prevented unambiguous identification of key long range ROEs, however SEQ ID NO. 23 gave well defined resonances and was investigated further. There were a number of spectral features that are characteristic of well-defined stmcture in the cyclic hexapeptide [SEQ ID NO: 23], and specifically characteristic of alpha helicity. [0265] First, there were conspicuously low coupling constants ( 3 J NHCH